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A master's thesis from Aalborg University
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Desire, Choice, Freedom and Power: An Analysis of Consumer Agency in an Experience Economy Framework

Author

Term

4. term

Publication year

2013

Submitted on

Abstract

This thesis examines consumer agency in today’s marketplace through the lens of the experience economy. It asks to what extent consumers are portrayed as active agents in seminal marketing texts and in current brand communications, how this links to ideas of empowerment and governmentality (guiding conduct through freedom), and how consumer roles align with experience and co-creation theory. Adopting a social constructionist, qualitative approach and a critical discourse analytic framework, the study conducts three analyses: (1) Philip Kotler’s Marketing Management, (2) Joseph Pine and James Gilmore’s The Experience Economy, and (3) the online communications of Starbucks and The Walt Disney Company. The analysis shows a shift in Kotler from viewing consumers as passive targets to more active agents, though still within a company-centric frame. Pine and Gilmore foreground the staging of experiences by marketers, rendering consumer agency secondary. By contrast, Starbucks and Disney present consumers as involved participants who can choose, customize, and co-create value. A key tension emerges: consumers are framed as free and empowered through choice and technology, yet their conduct is also subtly steered. The thesis concludes that power is dynamic and relational, that freedom and power are not simple opposites, and that choice should not be uncritically equated with empowerment. Consumer empowerment is better seen as arising in the interplay between consumers and firms. Co-creation is proposed as a bridge between theory’s marketer-led focus and practice’s emphasis on active consumer involvement. The study also outlines avenues for further research on consumer resistance and on how commercial experiences are produced and consumed.

Dette speciale undersøger forbrugerens handlekraft (agency) i nutidens marked med fokus på oplevelsesøkonomien. Det spørger, i hvilket omfang forbrugere fremstilles som aktive aktører i centrale marketingtekster og i aktuelle brandkommunikationer, hvordan dette kobles til begreber om empowerment og governmentality (styring gennem frihed), og hvordan forbrugerens rolle passer ind i teorier om oplevelser og samskabelse. Med en socialkonstruktionistisk, kvalitativ tilgang og en kritisk diskursanalytisk ramme gennemføres tre analyser: (1) Philip Kotlers Marketing Management, (2) Joseph Pine og James Gilmores The Experience Economy, og (3) de online kommunikationsindsatser hos Starbucks og The Walt Disney Company. Analysen viser en udvikling fra at behandle forbrugere som passive mål til mere aktive aktører hos Kotler, men stadig med virksomhedens perspektiv i centrum. Pine og Gilmore betoner iscenesættelse af oplevelser og placerer forbrugerens handlekraft sekundært. I modsætning hertil fremstiller Starbucks og Disney forbrugere som involverede deltagere, der kan vælge, tilpasse og medskabe værdien. Specialet påpeger en spænding: Forbrugere fremstår både som frie og bemyndigede via valg og teknologi, men deres adfærd søges også formet subtilt. Det konkluderes, at magt er dynamisk og relationel, at frihed og magt ikke er modsætninger, og at valg ikke ukritisk kan sidestilles med empowerment. Forbrugerempowerment bør forstås som noget, der opstår i samspillet mellem forbrugere og virksomheder. Co-creation foreslås som en bro mellem teoritungt fokus på iscenesættende virksomheder og praksisens fokus på aktivt deltagende forbrugere. Der skitseres desuden muligheder for videre forskning i forbrugerresistens og i, hvordan kommercielle oplevelser skabes og forbruges.

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