100% Renewable Energy Systems in the Scandinavian Region
Authors
Drysdale, David William ; Hansen, Kenneth
Term
4. term
Education
Publication year
2014
Submitted on
2014-06-04
Pages
144
Abstract
Danmark har som mål at være 100% vedvarende i 2050. Denne undersøgelse ser på, hvordan målet kan nås, når Danmark indgår i et fælles skandinavisk energisystem. Studiet sammenligner tre tilgange: et supergrid (stærke elforbindelser på tværs af lande, så strøm kan deles og balanceres), et smart grid (digital styring og fleksibelt elforbrug i elnettet) og et smart energisystem (sektorkobling, hvor el, varme, transport og brændsler bindes sammen med løsninger som elbiler, biobrændsler, varmepumper og fjernvarme). To ekstreme situationer blev analyseret: et fuldt sammenkoblet Skandinavien og et fuldt afkoblet Skandinavien, baseret på energisystemerne i Danmark, Sverige og Norge i 2009. Teknologierne blev indført trinvis og vurderet i begge situationer ud fra, hvor godt vindkraft kan udnyttes uden spild, behovet for fossile brændsler og biomasse, de samfundsøkonomiske omkostninger og CO2-udledninger. Resultaterne viser, at et fuldt sammenkoblet skandinavisk system har lavere brændselsforbrug og bedre integration af vindkraft i alle trin end et afkoblet system. Den ideelle grad af sammenkobling blev dog ikke fastlagt. Fordele for Danmark kan ikke beregnes præcist med den anvendte metode, men en del af gevinsterne ved sammenkobling forventes at tilfalde Danmark gennem bedre vindudnyttelse og lavere brændselsforbrug, hvilket kræver yderligere analyse. Alle tre systemtyper kan opfylde de fremtidige vedvarende energimål, men de adskiller sig markant i behovet for biomasse. Den bedste vej er en kombination af de tre tilgange; der findes ingen enkeltstående teknologisk løsning, der alene kan realisere et realistisk 100% vedvarende samfund. Indsatser bør omfatte energibesparelser, mere vedvarende energi og højere effektivitet i forsyningssystemerne. Fremtidig forskning bør fokusere på politik, der skaber lige vilkår mellem de forskellige systemtyper.
Denmark aims to be 100% renewable by 2050. This study explores how to reach that goal when Denmark is part of a shared Scandinavian energy system. It compares three approaches: a supergrid (strong cross-border electricity links to share and balance power), a smart grid (digital control and flexible demand within the electricity network), and a smart energy system (sector coupling that links electricity, heating, transport, and fuels using solutions such as electric vehicles, biofuels, heat pumps, and district heating). Two extreme situations were analyzed: a fully interconnected Scandinavia and a fully disconnected Scandinavia, based on the 2009 energy systems of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway. Technologies were introduced step by step and assessed in both situations for their ability to use wind power without waste, demand for fossil fuels and biomass, overall socio-economic costs, and CO2 emissions. The results show that a fully interconnected Scandinavian system has lower fuel demand and better wind integration at every step than a disconnected system. However, the ideal level of interconnection was not identified. Benefits for Denmark cannot be quantified with the method used here, but some gains from interconnection—better wind use and fuel savings—are likely to accrue to Denmark and merit further study. All three system types can meet future renewable energy targets, but they differ greatly in how much biomass they require. The preferred path is a combination of all three approaches; there is no single technological fix that can by itself deliver a realistic 100% renewable society. Actions should include energy conservation, more renewable energy, and higher efficiency in supply systems. Future research should focus on policies that create a level playing field among the different system types.
[This abstract was generated with the help of AI]
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