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A master's thesis from Aalborg University
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True cost electricity tariffs for PtX as a consumer category

Author

Term

4. term

Publication year

2021

Submitted on

Pages

64

Abstract

This thesis examines electrofuels as a way to cut emissions in hard-to-abate sectors and how transmission grid tariffs affect the economics of an ammonia Power-to-X (PtX) facility. Electrofuels are fuels made using electricity (PtX), and tariffs are fees for using the high-voltage grid. The study finds a need to reform the tariff structure for electrofuels because the current setup does not comply with Danish and EU regulation and makes PtX facilities pay more than the costs they actually impose. The analysis proposes a new tariff of 2.8 øre/kWh that better reflects a facility’s grid impact, assuming it is located in a landing zone (grid connection area). Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) calculations for the planned ammonia facility in Esbjerg show the ammonia price is highly sensitive to tariffs; with the proposed tariff, the CO2 abatement cost can be reduced from 319 EUR/ton to 255 EUR/ton. Using choice awareness theory, the study identifies choice-eliminating mechanisms that help explain why only one new reduced-tariff product is currently under review at the Danish Utility Regulator: "limited access." This product lowers only the transmission tariff and not the system tariff, so it does not match what a PtX facility actually gives rise to. The analysis finds this is unfair, as PtX facilities can provide services to the transmission grid that justify a lower system tariff.

Denne afhandling undersøger elektrofuels som et værktøj til at nedbringe udledninger i de svære sektorer og hvordan tariffer i transmissionsnettet påvirker økonomien i et PtX-anlæg, der producerer ammoniak. Elektrofuels er brændsler fremstillet ved hjælp af elektricitet (Power-to-X), og tariffer er betalinger for at bruge højspændingsnettet. Projektet peger på behovet for en reform af tarifstrukturen for elektrofuels, fordi den nuværende struktur ikke lever op til dansk og EU-regulering og betyder, at PtX-anlæg betaler mere, end de reelt giver anledning til. Analysen foreslår en ny tarif på 2,8 øre/kWh, som bedre afspejler anlæggenes påvirkning af nettet, under forudsætning af placering i en landingszone (tilslutningsområde). LCOE-beregninger (Levelized Cost of Electricity, dvs. den gennemsnitlige elomkostning over et anlægs levetid) for det planlagte ammoniakanlæg i Esbjerg viser, at ammoniakprisen er meget følsom over for tariffer. Med den foreslåede tarif kan CO2-reduktionsomkostningen reduceres fra 319 EUR/ton til 255 EUR/ton. Med udgangspunkt i choice awareness theory identificerer studiet choice-eliminating mechanisms, som er med til at forklare, hvorfor der aktuelt kun er ét nyt produkt med reduceret tarif til gennemsyn hos Forsyningstilsynet: "limited access". Dette produkt sænker kun transmissionstariffen og ikke systemtariffen, og afspejler derfor ikke, hvad et PtX-anlæg reelt giver anledning til. Analysen viser, at dette er urimeligt, fordi PtX-anlæg kan levere tjenester til transmissionsnettet, som kan begrunde en lavere systemtarif.

[This apstract has been rewritten with the help of AI based on the project's original abstract]

Keywords