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An executive master's programme thesis from Aalborg University

To Securitize or to Desecuritize? Denmark's Official Discursive Response to the Trump Administration's Claims Regarding Greenland, 2025-2026

Author

Term

4. term

Publication year

2026

Submitted on

Abstract

This thesis investigates how Denmark politically responded to the Trump administration’s statements and claims about Greenland during 2025-2026. The study places these responses within a broader development in which the Arctic is attracting increasing geopolitical attention. Climate change, new shipping routes, strategic resources, military installations, and renewed great-power rivalry all contribute to making Greenland more politically and strategically important. Greenland holds a particularly complex position: geographically, it is central to Arctic security politics; politically, it is part of the Kingdom of Denmark, yet it has extensive self-government and a strong emphasis on self-determination. In this thesis, the Trump administration’s statements about Greenland are therefore not treated as isolated foreign policy remarks, but as part of a broader security discourse that frames Greenland as strategically important for American and Arctic security interests. The main research question is: To what extent did Denmark attempt to securitize or desecuritize the Trump administration’s claims about Greenland in 2025-2026? In this context, securitization means treating an issue as a security threat that justifies extraordinary measures, while desecuritization means moving the issue back into normal political and diplomatic handling. The thesis is based on theories of securitization and desecuritization, as well as selective and partial securitization. Methodologically, it applies Critical Discourse Analysis, which examines how language and political statements help shape reality. The project uses a qualitative, abductive research design, grounded in a social constructivist view of reality and an interpretivist approach to knowledge. This means that security is not seen as an objective fact, but as something constructed, negotiated, and contested through political discourse. The empirical material consists of two official Danish government statements: Mette Frederiksen’s public Facebook post from 3 April 2025, and Lars Løkke Rasmussen’s press statement from 15 January 2026. The analysis is structured through Norman Fairclough’s three-dimensional model of Critical Discourse Analysis, which focuses on (1) the linguistic features of the texts, (2) how and to whom they are communicated, and (3) the broader social and power relations in which they are embedded. The analysis shows that Denmark’s response cannot be understood as either purely securitizing or purely desecuritizing. Instead, Danish governmental discourse combined both tendencies. On the one hand, Denmark securitized selected principles presented as being under pressure: sovereignty, territorial integrity, Greenlandic self-determination, small-state protection, alliance cohesion, and the rules-based international order. On the other hand, Denmark made significant efforts to desecuritize the Trump administration’s claims by shifting attention away from unilateral territorial control and into existing frameworks of diplomacy, international law, NATO cooperation, the 1951 defence agreement, and ongoing institutional dialogue. The central conclusion is that Denmark engaged in selective securitization within an overall desecuritizing strategy. Danish discourse did not deny that Greenland and the Arctic are security-relevant, but rejected the idea that security concerns could legitimize annexation, pressure, or territorial acquisition. In this way, Denmark separated security cooperation from territorial control. The thesis contributes to scholarship on securitization and desecuritization by demonstrating that these two processes can operate at the same time rather than as mutually exclusive. It also contributes to research on Arctic security and Greenland by showing that Greenland’s geopolitical significance is shaped not only by geography, resources, and military strategy, but also by political discourses on sovereignty, legitimacy, alliance politics, and self-determination. More broadly, the thesis illustrates how a smaller allied state can use discourse, law, diplomacy, and institutional frameworks to resist pressure from a stronger ally while preserving cooperation.

Denne afhandling undersøger, hvordan Danmark politisk reagerede på Trump-administrationens udsagn og krav om Grønland i perioden 2025-2026. Undersøgelsen placerer disse reaktioner i den bredere udvikling, hvor Arktis får stadig større geopolitisk opmærksomhed. Her spiller klimaforandringer, nye sejlruter, strategiske ressourcer, militære anlæg og øget stormagtsrivalisering en central rolle for, at Grønland får stigende politisk og sikkerhedsmæssig betydning. Grønland har en særlig kompleks position: Geografisk er landet centralt placeret i arktisk sikkerhedspolitik, samtidig med at det er en del af Kongeriget Danmark, men har vidtgående selvstyre og et stærkt fokus på selvbestemmelse. I afhandlingen forstås Trump-administrationens udsagn om Grønland derfor ikke blot som enkeltstående udenrigspolitiske bemærkninger, men som led i en bredere sikkerhedsdiskurs, hvor Grønland fremstilles som strategisk vigtigt for amerikanske og arktiske sikkerhedsinteresser. Afhandlingens centrale spørgsmål er: I hvilket omfang forsøgte Danmark at securitisere eller desecuritisere Trump-administrationens udsagn om Grønland i 2025-2026? Securitisering betyder her at behandle et emne som et sikkerhedsproblem, der kalder på ekstraordinære tiltag, mens desecuritisering handler om at trække emnet tilbage til almindelig politisk håndtering. Teoretisk bygger afhandlingen på teori om securitisering og desecuritisering samt om selektiv og delvis securitisering. Metodisk anvendes Kritisk Diskursanalyse, som undersøger, hvordan sprogbrug og politiske udsagn er med til at forme virkeligheden. Projektet har et kvalitativt, abduktivt design og er forankret i en socialkonstruktivistisk forståelse af virkeligheden og en fortolkende tilgang til viden. Det betyder, at sikkerhed ikke ses som en objektiv tilstand, men som noget, der skabes, forhandles og udfordres gennem politisk diskurs. Det empiriske materiale består af to officielle danske udtalelser: Mette Frederiksens offentlige Facebook-opslag fra 3. april 2025 og Lars Løkke Rasmussens presseudtalelse fra 15. januar 2026. Analysen er struktureret efter Norman Faircloughs tredimensionelle model for Kritisk Diskursanalyse, som ser på (1) de sproglige træk i teksterne, (2) hvordan og til hvem de bliver kommunikeret, og (3) de bredere sociale og magtmæssige sammenhænge, de indgår i. Analysen viser, at Danmarks reaktion ikke kan beskrives som enten entydigt securitiserende eller entydigt desecuritiserende. I stedet kombinerede den danske regerings diskurs begge tendenser. På den ene side securitiserede Danmark udvalgte principper, der blev fremstillet som værende under pres: suverænitet, territorial integritet, grønlandsk selvbestemmelse, småstaters beskyttelse, sammenhold i alliancer samt den regelbaserede internationale orden. På den anden side søgte Danmark i betydeligt omfang at desecuritisere Trump-administrationens udsagn ved at flytte fokus væk fra ensidig territorial kontrol og over i eksisterende rammer for diplomati, folkeret, NATO-samarbejde, forsvarsaftalen fra 1951 og løbende institutionel dialog. Afhandlingens hovedkonklusion er, at Danmark gennemførte en selektiv securitisering inden for en overordnet desecuritiserende strategi. Den danske diskurs anerkendte, at Grønland og Arktis har sikkerhedspolitisk betydning, men afviste, at sikkerhedshensyn kan bruges til at legitimere anneksion, pres eller territorial erhvervelse. På den måde adskilte Danmark sikkerhedssamarbejde fra territorial kontrol. Dermed bidrager afhandlingen til forskningen i securitisering og desecuritisering ved at vise, at de to processer kan foregå samtidigt og ikke nødvendigvis udelukker hinanden. Den bidrager også til forskningen i arktisk sikkerhed og Grønland ved at illustrere, hvordan Grønlands geopolitiske betydning ikke kun skabes gennem geografi, ressourcer og militær strategi, men også gennem politiske diskurser om suverænitet, legitimitet, alliancepolitik og selvbestemmelse. Mere overordnet peger afhandlingen på, hvordan en mindre allieret stat kan bruge sprog, jura, diplomati og institutionelle rammer til at modstå pres fra en stærkere allieret, samtidig med at samarbejdet bevares.

[This abstract has been rewritten with the help of AI based on the project's original abstract]