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A master's thesis from Aalborg University
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The Transshipment of Illegal Drugs and Citizen Security: The Case of Costa Rica

Author

Term

4. term

Publication year

2014

Abstract

Den illegale narkotikahandel i Latinamerika har ændret sig markant og bidraget til stigende kriminalitet og vold. Ruterne flytter sig løbende, og i dag kontrollerer stærke mexicanske kriminelle organisationer hovedstrømmen af kokain fra Sydamerika til USA. De sender den gennem Mellemamerika på mange forskellige måder for at undgå myndighedernes kontrol. Den voksende mængde kokain, der passerer gennem regionen, er blevet forbundet med nogle af verdens højeste drabsniveauer. Samtidig varierer truslen mellem de mellemamerikanske lande afhængigt af deres specifikke sårbarheder. Dette speciale undersøger, hvordan borgernes sikkerhed i Costa Rica påvirkes af de store mængder narkotika, der passerer gennem landet, og vurderer statens evne til at beskytte sine borgere. Specialet fremfører tre hovedpointer: For det første er Costa Rica sårbar over for vold knyttet til de illegale narkotikaflow, der krydser landets territorium. For det andet mangler staten kapacitet til at forhindre, at narkotika passerer gennem landet. For det tredje er der tegn på fremvæksten af lokale kriminelle grupper, som samarbejder med mere sofistikerede, transnationale organisationer. De fremlagte data tyder på, at organiseret kriminalitet har en skadelig indvirkning på det costaricanske samfund. Statens styrke til at modvirke disse tendenser vurderes med udgangspunkt i Michael Manns begreb "infrastrukturmagt"—statens praktiske evne til at gennemføre beslutninger og levere ydelser på tværs af hele territoriet—samt to dimensioner hos Soifer: nationale kapaciteter (statens evne til at udøve magt) og subnationale variationer (statens territoriale rækkevidde). Selvom Costa Rica synes at have forhold, som ifølge Williams og Godson normalt hæmmer fremkomsten af organiseret kriminalitet, kan teorier om social disorganisation hjælpe med at forklare, hvorfor "afvigende" adfærd får større appel i visse lokalsamfund. Specialet konkluderer, at den costaricanske stat, på grund af de illegale markeders karakter, ikke kan standse narkotikaflowet fuldstændigt. Ikke desto mindre har staten vist betydelig modstandskraft i indsatsen mod transnational organiseret kriminalitet og narkosmugling og udviser en betragtelig evne til at beskytte borgerne.

The illegal drug trade in Latin America has changed significantly and has fueled rising crime and violence. Trafficking routes keep shifting, and today powerful Mexican criminal organizations control most of the cocaine flow from South America to the United States. They move it through Central America in many different ways to avoid detection. The growing amount of cocaine transiting the region has been linked to some of the highest homicide levels in the world. At the same time, the level of threat differs across Central American countries due to their specific vulnerabilities. This thesis examines how the transit of large quantities of drugs through Costa Rica affects citizen security and assesses the state’s ability to protect its people. It advances three main arguments: First, Costa Rica is vulnerable to violence associated with illegal drug flows across its territory. Second, the state lacks the capacity to prevent the passage of illegal drugs. Third, local criminal groups are emerging and collaborating with more sophisticated transnational organizations. The evidence presented indicates that organized crime harms Costa Rican society. The state’s strength to counter these trends is analyzed using Michael Mann’s concept of “infrastructural power”—the state’s practical ability to implement decisions and deliver services across its territory—and two dimensions highlighted by Soifer: national capabilities (the state’s capacity to exercise power) and subnational variations (territorial reach). Although Costa Rica appears to have conditions that, according to Williams and Godson, typically discourage the rise of organized crime, social disorganization theories help explain why “deviant” behavior is gaining appeal in some communities. The thesis concludes that, due to the nature of illegal markets, the Costa Rican state cannot fully stop the flow of drugs through the country. Even so, it has shown notable resilience against transnational organized crime and drug trafficking and considerable capacity to protect its citizens.

[This abstract was generated with the help of AI]