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A master's thesis from Aalborg University
Book cover


The Prison of Immigration: An Ethnographic Study on Waiting, Uncertainty and Masculinity Among Male Migrants in Portugal

Author

Term

4. semester

Publication year

2026

Submitted on

Abstract

This thesis examines how masculinity is produced, negotiated, and lived among male migrants in Portugal, focusing on the everyday realities of waiting and uncertainty—waiting for work, residency permits, family reunification, and clarity about the future. Based on nine months of ethnographic fieldwork in Lisbon, it combines participant observation, fieldnotes, and semi-structured interviews with five men from India, Pakistan, and China. Drawing on perspectives from transnationalism, intersectionality, temporality, and liminality, the study explores how men navigate social, legal, and spatial boundaries while sustaining responsibilities that stretch across borders. The findings show that migration is closely tied to gendered expectations of provision and responsibility, and that prolonged bureaucratic and social limbo—the “prison of immigration”—restricts men’s ability to enact provider roles and strains their sense of masculine identity. Participants responded in diverse ways: maintaining collective brotherhood and resilience, reframing self-image as cosmopolitan aspiration, or distinguishing present circumstances from intended plans. Overall, the study argues that masculinity is a dynamic, relational process shaped by structural constraints and temporal uncertainty, and that recognizing the gendered dimensions of waiting reveals aspects of the male migrant experience that administrative and legal frameworks alone do not capture.

Denne afhandling undersøger, hvordan maskulinitet produceres, forhandles og leves blandt mandlige migranter i Portugal med fokus på hverdagslige erfaringer med ventetid og usikkerhed—venten på arbejde, opholdstilladelse, familiesammenføring og klarhed om fremtiden. Med udgangspunkt i ni måneders etnografisk feltarbejde i Lissabon kombinerer den deltagerobservation, feltnoter og semistrukturerede interviews med fem mænd fra Indien, Pakistan og Kina. Med teoretiske perspektiver fra transnationalisme, intersektionalitet, temporalitet og liminalitet undersøger studiet, hvordan mænd navigerer sociale, juridiske og rumlige grænser, mens de opretholder ansvar, der strækker sig på tværs af grænser. Fundene viser, at migration er tæt forbundet med kønnede forventninger om forsørgelse og ansvar, og at langvarig bureaukratisk og social limbo—“immigrationens fængsel”—begrænser mænds mulighed for at udleve forsørgerrollen og udfordrer deres maskuline identitet. Deltagerne reagerede på forskellige måder: ved at fastholde kollektivt broderskab og modstandskraft, omformulere selvbilledet som kosmopolitisk aspiration eller skelne mellem nuværende forhold og tilsigtede planer. Overordnet argumenterer afhandlingen for, at maskulinitet er en dynamisk, relationel proces formet af strukturelle begrænsninger og tidslig usikkerhed, og at anerkendelsen af ventetidens kønnede dimensioner synliggør aspekter af mandlige migranters erfaringer, som administrative og juridiske rammer ikke alene kan indfange.

[This abstract has been generated with the help of AI directly from the project full text]