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A master's thesis from Aalborg University
Book cover


The Construction of Illegality in Kenya: An Analysis of urban refugees' coping mechanisms

Translated title

Konstruktionen af ulovlighed i Kenya: En analyse af urbane flygtninges coping mechanisms

Authors

;

Term

4. term

Publication year

2015

Submitted on

Pages

90

Abstract

Dette speciale undersøger, hvordan flygtninge lever i Nairobi, Kenya, og hvorfor deres vilkår ser ud, som de gør. Udgangspunktet er forholdet mellem Kenya og nabolandet Somalia. På grund af historie og terrorangreb er somaliere i Kenya ofte blevet fremstillet som en sikkerhedstrussel (sekuritisering). Ifølge specialet smitter denne opfattelse af på hele flygtningebefolkningen, også dem der bor i byområder. Kenya har i årtier haft mange flygtninge, og sammen med gentagne angreb har det ført til en stram forvaltning: en encampment‑politik (krav om at blive i udpegede flygtningelejre). Det betyder, at byflygtninge i Nairobi reelt behandles som ulovlige, fordi de bor uden for lejrene. Specialet analyserer situationen på to niveauer. På statsniveau undersøges politik, historie og politiske fortællinger for at forstå, hvordan flygtninge bliver omtalt og reguleret. På civilsamfundsniveau undersøges hverdagsliv og de mestringsstrategier, som byflygtninge udvikler for at klare diskrimination, svag beskyttelse og usikker juridisk status—og hvordan deres handlekraft samtidig påvirker byen omkring dem. Konklusionen er, at byflygtninge i Nairobi finder både kreative og belastende måder at tilpasse sig på. Positive strategier omfatter uformelt arbejde og handel, der kan bidrage til den lokale økonomi, samt at navigere møder med politiet og myndighederne i hverdagen. Negative strategier kan være at blive inden døre det meste af dagen for at undgå chikane. Specialet fremhæver, at byflygtninge ofte både er delvist integrerede socialt og økonomisk og samtidig dybt udelukkede juridisk og socialt. Endelig argumenteres der for, at somaliere udgør en særlig politisk kategori i Kenya, og at sekuritiseringen af dem påvirker holdninger og politikker over for alle flygtninge—selv om somaliske flygtninge i Nairobi i praksis deler levevilkår og behandles på linje med andre byflygtninge med tilsvarende socioøkonomisk baggrund.

This thesis examines how refugees live in Nairobi, Kenya, and why conditions have taken their current shape. It starts from the political relationship between Kenya and neighboring Somalia. Because of historical factors and past terror attacks, Somalis in Kenya are often framed as a security threat (securitization). The thesis argues that this framing spills over to the wider refugee population, including those living in cities. For decades Kenya has hosted large numbers of refugees, and together with repeated attacks this has led to restrictive management: an encampment policy that requires refugees to stay in designated camps. As a result, urban refugees in Nairobi are effectively treated as illegal because they live outside the camps. The analysis works on two levels. At the state level, it looks at policy, history, and political narratives to understand how refugees are portrayed and regulated. At the civil society level, it explores everyday life and the coping strategies urban refugees develop to deal with discrimination, weak protection, and an uncertain legal status—and how their actions also shape the city around them. The study concludes that Nairobi’s urban refugees use both creative and costly ways to adapt. Positive strategies include informal work and trade that can contribute to the local economy, as well as navigating day‑to‑day encounters with police and officials. Negative strategies include staying indoors most of the day to avoid harassment. The thesis highlights that urban refugees can be partly integrated socially and economically while still being deeply excluded by law and stigma. It also argues that Somalis are treated as a distinctive political case in Kenya, and that their securitization influences attitudes and policies toward all refugees—even though Somali refugees in Nairobi, in practice, share similar living conditions and treatment with other urban refugees of comparable socio‑economic status.

[This abstract was generated with the help of AI]