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A master's thesis from Aalborg University
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The Arctic Contradiction: A Framework to Understand Cooperation and Security in Arctic Politics

Author

Term

4. term

Publication year

2023

Submitted on

Pages

86

Abstract

Arktisk politik rummer et dobbeltspor. På den ene side er regionen præget af en tæt vævning af institutionelle aftaler og bilateralt samarbejde, der ofte rækker ud over den traditionelle Øst–Vest-opdeling. På den anden side nærer staterne i Arktis mistillid til hinandens hensigter og har øget deres militære tilstedeværelse. Efter Ruslands invasion af Ukraine i 2022 opgav Finland og Sverige deres traditionelle neutralitet til fordel for NATO. Det viser, at Arktis ikke er afskåret fra det internationale system og kan være lige så udsat for sikkerhedsdilemmaer som andre regioner. Afhandlingen argumenterer for, at en enkel opdeling mellem samarbejde og konflikt ikke kan indfange disse nuancer. I stedet kan to analytiske værktøjer kaste lys over modsætningen: analyse på tre niveauer og perifer realisme. Analyse på tre niveauer deler udenrigspolitik og international politik op i: 1) pres og dynamikker inde i staten, 2) regionale forhold, og 3) påvirkninger fra det internationale system. Ved at se politik som noget, der foregår på flere planer med egne logikker, kan vi bedre forstå, hvordan tilsyneladende modsætninger kan eksistere samtidig. Perifer realisme betragter international politik fra de mindre staters perspektiv og deres handlemuligheder. I modsætning til neorealisme, som fokuserer på stormagter og ofte ser magtkonkurrence som den drivende kraft, fremhæver perifer realisme, at "perifere" stater har andre begrænsninger og behov. Selvom to stormagter er til stede i Arktis, består flertallet af stater af mindre aktører, hvilket præger de regionale resultater—om end stadig under indflydelse af stormagternes interesser.

Arctic politics follows a dual track. On one hand, the region is shaped by a dense web of institutional agreements and bilateral cooperation that often reaches beyond the traditional East–West divide. On the other hand, Arctic states distrust each other’s intentions and have increased their military presence. After Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Finland and Sweden set aside their long-standing neutrality in favor of NATO. This shows that the Arctic is not insulated from the international system and can face the same kind of security dilemmas as elsewhere. The thesis argues that a simple cooperation-versus-conflict lens cannot capture these nuances. Instead, two analytical tools help clarify the contradiction: a levels-of-analysis approach and peripheral realism. The levels-of-analysis framework separates foreign and international politics into three planes: 1) pressures and dynamics inside the state, 2) regional politics, and 3) pressures from the international system. Viewing politics as unfolding on distinct levels with their own rules helps explain how apparent contradictions can coexist. Peripheral realism examines international politics from the perspective of smaller states and their constraints. In contrast to neorealism—which centers great powers and tends to see power competition as the main driver—peripheral realism highlights that “peripheral” states operate under tighter limits and thus have different needs. Although two great powers are present in the Arctic, most states are smaller peripheral actors, and their circumstances shape regional outcomes, even as great-power interests continue to matter.

[This summary has been rewritten with the help of AI based on the project's original abstract]