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A master's thesis from Aalborg University
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Seasonal and Spatial Variation in Lake Macroinvertebrate Assemblages and Their Influence on DLMI Scoring

Author

Term

4. term

Education

Publication year

2026

Abstract

Seasonal changes in macroinvertebrate communities (small animals without backbones, such as insects, snails, and worms) can influence ecological assessments of lakes under the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD). In Denmark, littoral (shallow shoreline) macroinvertebrates are assessed using the Danish Littoral Macroinvertebrate Index (DLMI), typically based on autumn sampling. However, the degree to which seasons affect DLMI and community composition has not been systematically tested. We studied five Danish lakes and collected samples in spring, summer, and autumn of 2025. Ecological status was assessed with DLMI, and seasonal and spatial differences in community composition were examined using statistical ordination and testing (NMDS and PERMANOVA), indicator species analysis, and beta diversity (to separate species turnover from nestedness). DLMI scores and status classes were generally stable across seasons, indicating limited seasonal influence on classification. Differences among lakes were much stronger than differences among seasons, suggesting that local environmental conditions and lake typology matter more than short-term seasonal change. NMDS and PERMANOVA still showed significant seasonal shifts in community composition, but lake identity explained a larger share of the variation. Beta diversity analyses further showed that differences among communities were driven mainly by species turnover rather than nestedness. Overall, DLMI appears relatively robust to seasonal variation in the lakes studied, supporting the continued use of autumn sampling in Danish lake monitoring. At the same time, changes in community composition indicate that ecological patterns can differ among seasons and lake types.

Årstidsvariation i samfund af makroinvertebrater (små dyr uden rygrad, fx insekter, snegle og orme) kan påvirke økologiske vurderinger af søer under EU’s Vandrammedirektiv (WFD). I Danmark vurderes makroinvertebrater i søernes littoral (den lave, kystnære zone) med det Danske Littorale Makroinvertebratindeks (DLMI), som typisk bygger på prøver fra efteråret. Det er dog ikke tidligere blevet undersøgt systematisk, hvor meget årstiderne påvirker DLMI og samfundssammensætningen. Vi undersøgte fem danske søer og indsamlede prøver i forår, sommer og efterår 2025. Den økologiske status blev vurderet med DLMI, og sæsonmæssige og rumlige forskelle i samfundssammensætning blev analyseret med statistiske metoder til ordination og hypotesetest (NMDS og PERMANOVA), indikatorartsanalyse samt betadiversitet (for at skelne artsudskiftning fra nestedhed). DLMI-værdier og statusklasser var overvejende stabile på tværs af årstider, hvilket tyder på begrænset sæsonpåvirkning af klassificeringen. Forskelle mellem søerne var langt større end forskelle mellem årstider, hvilket peger på, at lokale miljøforhold og søtypologi betyder mere end kortsigtede sæsonændringer. NMDS og PERMANOVA viste dog stadig betydelige sæsonændringer i samfundssammensætningen, men sø-identitet forklarede en større del af variationen. Betadiversitetsanalyser viste desuden, at forskelle mellem samfund primært skyldtes artsudskiftning frem for nestedhed. Samlet set fremstår DLMI som relativt robust over for sæsonvariation i de undersøgte søer, hvilket understøtter fortsat brug af efterårsindsamling i den danske søovervågning. Samtidig viser variationen i samfundssammensætningen, at økologiske mønstre kan variere mellem årstider og søtyper.

[This abstract has been rewritten with the help of AI based on the project's original abstract]