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A master's thesis from Aalborg University
Book cover


Rough Volatility and the Short-Maturity SPX Skew: Fourier Pricing and Calibration under Rough Heston, Heston, and Variance Gamma

Translated title

Rough Volatility and the Short-Maturity SPX Skew

Author

Term

4. term

Publication year

2026

Submitted on

Abstract

This thesis examines whether the rough Heston model can explain the short‑maturity at‑the‑money (ATM) skew—how Black–Scholes implied volatility changes near the current price—of S&P 500 (SPX) options. Using a fast Fourier‑based method (characteristic functions with the Lewis inversion), we compute model prices, convert them to Black–Scholes implied volatilities, and estimate the local ATM skew. We compare three models under the same conventions for forward prices and estimation: rough Heston, classical Heston, and Variance Gamma. We first validate the implementation in a controlled rough Heston setting. When the true roughness parameter is H=0.10 (lower H means “rougher” volatility), our pricing engine recovers H_CF=0.1007, and an independent iVi Monte Carlo reference gives H_iVi=0.0972; the full pricing‑and‑skew pipeline retrieves the imposed roughness to numerical accuracy. We then fit SPX option quotes from 7 January 2010. The market ATM‑skew fit yields beta_mkt=-0.1995, H_mkt=0.3005, and alpha_mkt=0.8005, indicating moderate roughness rather than the strongly rough H≈0.10 regime. Among the models, Heston provides the best fit in both implied volatility and signed ATM‑skew root‑mean‑square error (RMSE). Placing more weight on skew errors (“skew penalty”) improves the rough Heston skew fit but does not change the model ranking. Variance Gamma performs worst across the reported diagnostics. A synthetic recovery check confirms that rough Heston can recover a surface generated by rough Heston on the same empirical grid.

Dette speciale undersøger, om rough Heston-modellen kan forklare ATM-skævheden for kortløbende SPX-optioner—det vil sige, hvordan den Black–Scholes-implied volatilitet ændrer sig tæt på den aktuelle pris. Vi beregner modelpriser med en hurtig Fourier-baseret metode (karakteristiske funktioner med Lewis’ inversionsformel), omregner dem til Black–Scholes-implied volatilitet og estimerer den lokale ATM-skævhed. Tre modeller sammenlignes under samme forudsætninger for forwardpriser og estimering: rough Heston, klassisk Heston og Variance Gamma. Implementeringen valideres først i et kontrolleret rough Heston-setup. Når den sande ruhedsparameter er H=0.10 (lavere H betyder mere “ru” volatilitet), genskaber prissætningsmotoren H_CF=0.1007, og en uafhængig iVi Monte Carlo-reference giver H_iVi=0.0972; den samlede pris- og skævhedspipeline genskaber den pålagte ruhed med numerisk nøjagtighed. Derefter tilpasses SPX-optionstilbud fra 7. januar 2010. Markedets ATM-skævhedstilpasning giver beta_mkt=-0.1995, H_mkt=0.3005 og alpha_mkt=0.8005, hvilket peger på moderat ruhed frem for den stærkt “ru” H≈0.10-regime. Af modellerne giver Heston det bedste fit i både implied volatilitet og signeret ATM-skævhed (RMSE, root-mean-square error). At øge vægten på skævhedsfejl (“skævhedsstraf”) forbedrer rough Hestons skævhedsfit, men ændrer ikke modellernes rangorden. Variance Gamma klarer sig dårligst på tværs af de rapporterede mål. En syntetisk gendannelsestest bekræfter, at rough Heston kan genskabe en overflade, der er genereret af rough Heston, på samme empiriske gitter.

[This abstract has been rewritten with the help of AI based on the project's original abstract]