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A master's thesis from Aalborg University
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Rise in the East, Settle in the West? - Examining Latvian migration flows post EU-accession

Author

Term

4. term

Publication year

2016

Submitted on

Abstract

Dette speciale undersøger, hvorfor og hvor mange der er udvandret fra Letland efter landets EU-optagelse, og hvad der kan ske fremover. Samtidig udfordrer det udbredte antagelser i den offentlige debat om immigration, som set i diskussionerne op til Storbritanniens EU-folkeafstemning. Arbejdet tester grundantagelserne i centrale migrationsteorier ved hjælp af data: neoklassisk teori (folk flytter for at øge indkomsten), ny økonomi for arbejdsmigration (husholdninger deler risiko og investerer), segmenteret arbejdsmarkedsteori (vedvarende efterspørgsel i bestemte jobsegmenter), social kapital-teori (netværk og kontakter), kumulativ kausalitet (migration forstærker sig selv) og verdenssystemteori (globale økonomiske forbindelser). Studiet er struktureret af disse teorier, men analyserne er datadrevne og bygger på kvantitative målinger af migrationsmønstre samt økonomiske og strukturelle forhold. Resultaterne viser, at mange forskellige faktorer på flere niveauer – fra individ og husholdning til arbejdsmarked og internationale forhold – er med til at starte og opretholde migrationsstrømme. Disse indsigter samles i en samlet model for migration inden for EU, som giver et teoretisk perspektiv på, hvordan strømme begynder, fortsætter og kan udvikle sig. Dernæst anvendes modellen til at vurdere den fremtidige udvikling i lettiske migrationsstrømme. Analysen ser på økonomisk konvergens (at lettiske indkomster nærmer sig de rigere EU-landes), migrations- og socialpolitik samt de mulige effekter af et Brexit. Specialet finder, at lettisk udvandring er på vej mod mere bæredygtige niveauer. Samtidig kan fortsatte demografiske ændringer og stigende mangel på kvalificeret arbejdskraft udfordre den økonomiske vækst og indhentning. Derfor er der behov for både proaktive og reaktive politiske tiltag.

This thesis examines why and how many people left Latvia after the country joined the EU, and what may happen next. It also challenges common claims in public debates about immigration, as illustrated by the UK’s EU referendum discussion. The study tests the core assumptions of leading migration theories using data: neoclassical theory (people move to raise income), the new economics of labor migration (households share risk and invest), segmented labor market theory (persistent demand in specific job segments), social capital theory (networks and contacts), cumulative causation (migration reinforces itself), and world-systems theory (global economic linkages). The research is organized by these theories but driven by quantitative evidence on migration patterns and on economic and structural factors. Findings show that multiple factors at several levels—from individuals and households to labor markets and international structures—initiate and sustain migration flows. These insights are brought together in a combined model of intra-EU migration that offers a theoretical view of how flows begin, persist, and may evolve. The model is then used to assess the future development of Latvian migration. The analysis considers economic convergence (Latvian incomes catching up with richer EU countries), migration and social policies, and the possible effects of Brexit. The study suggests Latvian emigration is returning to more sustainable levels. At the same time, ongoing demographic change and growing shortages of skilled labor could challenge economic growth and convergence. Therefore, both proactive and responsive policy measures are needed.

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