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A master's thesis from Aalborg University
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Rethinking Situational Crisis Communication Theory: Examining Entangled Reputations in Crisis Situations, A Study on Elon Musk and Tesla

Author

Term

4. term

Publication year

2026

Submitted on

Abstract

This thesis examines how a company’s reputation can become closely intertwined with its CEO’s personal reputation in crisis situations, a phenomenon referred to as entangled reputation. Focusing on the criticism directed at Elon Musk after his support for Donald Trump, the study explores how Musk’s personal actions outside his formal role at Tesla influence public perceptions of the company and trigger a crisis with reputational and financial consequences, including vandalism against Tesla products and showrooms. Grounded in a social constructivist view of crises as socially and communicatively constructed phenomena, the thesis applies Situational Crisis Communication Theory (SCCT), Image Repair Theory (IRT), and theories of parasocial relationships and charismatic leadership to analyse how responsibility for the crisis is negotiated between Musk and Tesla. Empirically, it draws on a qualitative case study of Musk’s crisis response in a Fox News interview from March 2025 and audience reactions in the form of comments on X to Fox News’ post about the interview, which are examined through several cycles of qualitative coding. The analysis reveals a pronounced gap between Musk’s own understanding of the crisis, in which he frames himself and Tesla as victims of politically driven vandalism, and many commenters, who regard the situation as an expected consequence of his prior actions and statements and therefore assign him primary responsibility; a smaller group supports Musk’s interpretation and absolves him of blame. The findings indicate clearly entangled reputations between Musk and Tesla, as both critics and supporters base their evaluations on perceptions of Musk as a person and Tesla as a company, and Musk effectively acts as Tesla’s main crisis communicator. On this basis, the thesis proposes an extension of SCCT through three new contextual factors: parasocial crisis involvement, describing how parasocial relationships can intensify emotional reactions; charismatic authority attributions, explaining how charismatic ties shape stakeholders’ responsibility judgments; and crisis communicator, highlighting the importance of who speaks on the company’s behalf during a crisis. The thesis thus contributes to a deeper understanding of the interaction between CEOs’ and companies’ reputations in entangled reputation crises and to the development of more effective crisis communication strategies in such contexts.

Denne afhandling undersøger, hvordan virksomheders omdømme kan blive tæt sammenflettet med deres CEO’ers personlige omdømme i krisesituationer, et fænomen betegnet som entangled reputation. Med udgangspunkt i kritik rettet mod Elon Musk efter hans støtte til Donald Trump analyseres, hvordan Musks personlige handlinger uden for hans professionelle rolle påvirker opfattelsen af Tesla og udløser en krise med både omdømmemæssige og økonomiske konsekvenser, herunder hærværk mod Teslas produkter og showrooms. Afhandlingen bygger på en socialkonstruktivistisk forståelse af kriser som socialt og kommunikativt skabte fænomener og anvender Situational Crisis Communication Theory (SCCT), Image Repair Theory (IRT), teorier om parasociale relationer og karismatisk lederskab til at belyse, hvordan ansvar for krisen fordeles mellem Musk og Tesla. Empirisk grundlag er et kvalitativt casestudie af Musks kriserespons i et Fox News‑interview fra marts 2025 samt publikums reaktioner i form af kommentarer til interviewet på X, som analyseres gennem flere runder af kvalitativ kodning. Analysen viser en markant afstand mellem Musks egen forståelse af kriseansvar, hvor han positionerer sig selv og Tesla som ofre for politisk motiveret vandalisme, og en stor del af kommentatorerne, der opfatter krisen som en logisk følge af hans tidligere handlinger og udsagn og derfor tilskriver ham hovedansvaret. En mindre gruppe støtter Musks fortolkning og fraskriver ham ansvar. Resultaterne peger på tydeligt sammenfiltrede omdømmer mellem Musk og Tesla, hvor både kritikere og støtter baserer deres vurderinger på deres opfattelser af Musk som person og Tesla som virksomhed, og hvor Musk i praksis fungerer som Teslas primære krisekommunikatør. På den baggrund foreslås en videreudvikling af SCCT gennem tre nye kontekstuelle faktorer: parasocial crisis involvement, der beskriver, hvordan parasociale relationer kan forstærke følelsesmæssige reaktioner; charismatic authority attributions, der forklarer, hvordan karismatiske bånd påvirker interessenters vurdering af ansvar; og crisis communicator, der fremhæver betydningen af, hvem der kommunikerer på virksomhedens vegne. Afhandlingen bidrager dermed til en dybere forståelse af samspillet mellem CEO’ers og virksomheders omdømme i entangled reputation‑kriser og til udviklingen af mere målrettede krisekommunikationsstrategier i sådanne situationer.

[This abstract has been generated with the help of AI directly from the project full text]