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A master's thesis from Aalborg University
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Keys to the Smart City: Civic and Political Participation

Author

Term

4. Semester

Publication year

2019

Submitted on

Abstract

This thesis examines how civic and political participation takes shape in Copenhagen’s smart city and what it means for democracy and power. Framed as a case study, it asks how existing participation frameworks can be augmented by new methods, what motivates people to participate, and where power gaps persist. The study uses a mixed approach: unstructured interviews, a mapping of smart city and participation projects, and 14 semi-structured interviews. Data are analyzed through thematic analysis (following Braun et al.) and synthesized by integrating participation frameworks from Ekman & Amnå, Linders, and Carpentier; limitations include potential interview biases as well as challenges to reproducibility and generalizability. Findings indicate that classic participation frameworks need updating for the smart city context; multiple power gaps remain; and motivations extend beyond financial incentives. In Copenhagen, promising partnerships and grassroots tech initiatives are emerging, and participation spans from access to information and consultation to co-creation and bottom-up self-organization. Recruitment ranges from open to invitation-only, and inclusion is not always a priority. Public sector initiatives are often driven by financial and political aims, while community efforts are motivated by social responsibility; participants’ motivations are frequently perceived as self-interested. Technologies range from AI and IoT to the internet and social media, with some technology-agnostic approaches. Key challenges include unresolved data ownership, knowledge and capability gaps, data solutionism, overreliance on technology, and deficits in inclusion. Assessments of the public sector are often critical, highlighting needs for less bureaucracy, improved skills, standardization, and greater openness to collaboration. Openness via open data and open source is seen as helpful but carries de-anonymization risks; resource constraints and anchoring projects in physical spaces are pragmatic concerns. Overall, Copenhagen’s ecosystem provides a strong foundation, but realizing a more democratic smart city requires updated participation frameworks and sustained attention to power, openness, and capability gaps.

Denne afhandling undersøger, hvordan civilt og politisk engagement udfolder sig i Københavns smart city, og hvilken betydning det har for demokrati og magtforhold. Med udgangspunkt i et casestudie stiller den tre centrale spørgsmål: hvordan eksisterende deltagelsesrammer kan udvides med nye metoder, hvilke motivationer der driver deltagere, og hvor magtkløfterne ligger. Studiet anvender en blandet metode med dataindsamling gennem ustrukturerede interviews, en kortlægning af smart city- og deltagelsesprojekter samt 14 semistrukturerede interviews. Materialet analyseres med tematisk analyse (inspireret af Braun m.fl.) og syntetiseres ved at koble deltagelsesrammer fra Ekman & Amnå, Linders og Carpentier; begrænsninger omfatter bl.a. mulige interviewbias, reproducerbarhed og generaliserbarhed. Resultaterne peger på, at klassiske deltagelsesrammer bør opdateres til smart city-konteksten; at der fortsat findes flere magtkløfter; og at borgeres og aktørers motivationer rækker ud over økonomiske incitamenter. I København ses lovende partnerskaber og græsrodsbaserede teknologimiljøer, og deltagelse spænder fra informationsadgang og høringer til samskabelse og bottom-up selvorganisering. Rekruttering varierer fra åbne til lukkede formater, og inklusion vægtes ikke altid højt. Offentlige aktørers motiver er ofte økonomiske og politiske, mens lokale fællesskaber drives af samfundsansvar; deltagernes motiver opfattes ofte som egeninteresse. Teknologibrugen rækker fra AI og IoT til sociale medier, med enkelte teknologiagnostiske tilgange. Udfordringer omfatter uafklaret dataejerskab, viden- og kompetencegab, datasolutionisme, overafhængighed af teknologi og manglende inklusion. Evalueringer af den offentlige sektor er ofte kritiske og peger på behov for mindre bureaukrati, bedre kompetencer, standardisering og åbenhed for samarbejde. Åbenhed gennem åbne data og open source fremhæves som værktøjer, men med opmærksomhed på deanonymiseringsrisici; begrænsede ressourcer og behovet for at forankre projekter i byens fysiske rum er centrale vilkår. Samlet set tilbyder Københavns økosystem et solidt udgangspunkt, men en mere demokratisk smart city fordrer opdaterede deltagelsesrammer samt opmærksomhed på magt, åbenhed og kompetencekløfter.

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