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A master's thesis from Aalborg University
Book cover


Fraktur - Antiqua: A newspaper analysis of when and why Gothic script disappeared in Scandinavia

Translated title

Fraktur - Antikva: En avisanalyse om når og hvorfor gotisk skrift forsvant i Skandinavia

Author

Term

4. term

Education

Publication year

2026

Submitted on

Pages

104

Abstract

This thesis explores how Scandinavian newspapers shifted from Fraktur (a Gothic or blackletter type) to Antiqua (the Roman type familiar from most modern printing). It asks when and why Fraktur disappeared, and whether politics or geography shaped the change. Using national libraries' digital collections, the study surveys 382 Norwegian, 574 Swedish, and 117 Danish newspapers. It maps the decline of Fraktur from the mid-1800s to its disappearance in the early 1900s, and compares regional patterns and political affiliations. Sweden led the way: by the 1880s Antiqua was already dominant. In Norway and Denmark, most papers kept Fraktur longer, then switched quickly in the 1910s and 1920s. Newspapers in the capitals changed first, while rural titles were more conservative. Political ideology mattered little; neither conservative nor socialist papers showed a consistent preference. The reasons were mostly practical and cultural: generational turnover among editors and printers, the dominance of Antiqua in schools, the costs and constraints of printing, and a Scandinavianist shift in cultural orientation away from Germany from the mid-1800s onward. These forces helped Norway and Denmark follow Sweden's earlier move to Antiqua. The thesis concludes that, unlike in Germany, the end of Fraktur in Scandinavia was not an ideological fight but a gradual, pragmatic transition. The findings provide empirical evidence for how and why typographic styles changed in Scandinavia, a topic often overlooked internationally.

Denne afhandling undersøger, hvordan skandinaviske aviser skiftede fra fraktur (gotisk skrift) til antikva (romersk skrift, kendt fra moderne tryk). Den spørger, hvornår og hvorfor fraktur forsvandt, og om politik eller geografi påvirkede processen. Med udgangspunkt i de nationale bibliotekers digitale samlinger gennemgås 382 norske, 574 svenske og 117 danske aviser. Undersøgelsen kortlægger frakturs tilbagegang fra midten af 1800-tallet til dens forsvinden i begyndelsen af 1900-tallet og sammenligner regionale mønstre og politiske tilknytninger. Sverige gik forrest: I 1880'erne var antikva allerede dominerende. I Norge og Danmark holdt de fleste aviser længere fast i fraktur og skiftede så hurtigt i 1910'erne og 1920'erne. Hovedstæderne førte an, mens landaviser var mere konservative. Politisk ideologi havde ringe betydning; hverken konservative eller socialistiske aviser viste en stabil præference. Årsagerne var især praktiske og kulturelle: generationsskifte blandt redaktører og trykkere, at antikva dominerede i skolen, omkostninger og begrænsninger i tryk samt en skandinavistisk orientering væk fra Tyskland fra midten af 1800-tallet. Disse kræfter gjorde, at Norge og Danmark fulgte Sveriges tidligere skifte til antikva. Afhandlingen konkluderer, at frakturs forsvinden i Skandinavien, i modsætning til i Tyskland, ikke var et ideologisk opgør, men en gradvis og pragmatisk omstilling. Resultaterne giver empirisk grundlag for at forstå typografiske skift i Skandinavien, et felt der ofte overses internationalt.

[This apstract has been rewritten with the help of AI based on the project's original abstract]