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A master's thesis from Aalborg University
Book cover


Firm-Level Determinants of Credit Risk: Evidence from Danish Listed Non-Financial Companies

Authors

;

Term

4. semester

Publication year

2026

Submitted on

Pages

71

Abstract

This thesis examines which firm-level factors explain credit risk among Danish listed non-financial companies. Credit risk is proxied by the modified Altman Zʺ-score, an accounting-based measure of financial distress where higher values indicate stronger financial health. Using panel data, we estimate two-way fixed-effects regressions in which the Zʺ-score in year t is explained by one-year-lagged determinants: operating cash flow scaled by total assets, sales growth, interest coverage, tangibility, and firm size. Firm fixed effects control for unobserved time-invariant heterogeneity and year fixed effects absorb common macroeconomic shocks; diagnostic tests support the fixed-effects specification, and clustered robust standard errors address serial correlation. The results show that the operating cash flow ratio and interest coverage are significantly and positively associated with the Zʺ-score, while tangibility is significantly and negatively associated, implying that more asset-intensive firms face greater distress risk on average. Sales growth and firm size are not significant in the main model. Overall, the analysis indicates that distress risk among Danish non-financial firms is closely linked to cash-generating capacity and debt-servicing ability, whereas high tangibility may increase vulnerability; findings are robust across specifications and the use of lagged predictors.

Dette speciale undersøger, hvilke virksomhedsforhold der forklarer variation i kreditrisiko blandt børsnoterede, ikke-finansielle danske virksomheder. Kreditrisiko måles indirekte som risiko for finansiel nød via den modificerede Altman Zʺ-score, hvor højere værdier afspejler bedre økonomisk sundhed. Med paneldata estimeres to-vejs fixed effects-regressioner, hvor Zʺ-scoren i år t forklares af et-års laggede determinanter: driftskontantstrøm i forhold til aktiver, salgsvækst, rentedækningsgrad, tangibilitet og virksomhedsstørrelse. Virksomhedsfaste effekter kontrollerer for tidsinvariante, uobserverede karakteristika, og årsfaste effekter opfanger fælles makroøkonomiske stød; diagnostiske tests understøtter fixed effects-valget, og klastrede robuste standardfejl adresserer seriel korrelation. Resultaterne viser, at driftskontantstrøms-ratio og rentedækningsgrad er positivt og signifikant forbundet med Zʺ-scoren, mens tangibilitet er negativt og signifikant forbundet hermed, hvilket indikerer, at mere aktivtunge virksomheder i gennemsnit har højere distress-risiko. Salgsvækst og størrelse er ikke signifikante i hovedmodellen. Samlet peger analysen på, at dansk ikke-finansiel distress-risiko er tæt knyttet til evnen til at generere kontantstrømme og servicere gæld, mens høj tangibilitet kan øge sårbarheden; fundene er robuste på tværs af specifikationer og brugen af laggede forklarende variable.

[This apstract has been generated with the help of AI directly from the project full text]