AAU Student Projects - visit Aalborg University's student projects portal
A master's thesis from Aalborg University
Book cover


Crisis Communication on Social Media

Author

Term

4. term

Publication year

2014

Submitted on

Abstract

Med sociale mediers voksende betydning er stadig flere organisationer til stede online. Information spredes på sekunder, hvilket giver nye muligheder og udfordringer i kommunikationen med interessenter – især under kriser. Dette speciale undersøger, i hvilken grad konventionelle krisekommunikationsmodeller stadig er relevante, når en krise udspiller sig på sociale medier. Undersøgelsen bygger på en sammenligning af to cases: Starbucks og Applebee’s. Analysen peger på, at Starbucks håndterede sin krise bedre end Applebee’s. Starbucks anerkendte hurtigt beskyldningerne, viste, at de blev taget alvorligt, og brugte virksomhedens image og tidligere handlinger til proaktivt at tydeliggøre en holdning mod homofobi og for mangfoldighed. Applebee’s derimod misfortolkede krisens karakter, undervurderede interessenternes læsning af situationen og udnyttede ikke sociale mediers muligheder for dialog. Resultaterne viser, at det ikke er nok at vælge en fastlagt, normativ strategi ud fra en model over typiske krisetyper. Sociale medier er præget af tovejskommunikation, der er mere dynamisk og kompleks end den afsenderstyrede logik, som traditionelle modeller bygger på. Brugere forventer dialog i øjenhøjde, engagement, ydmyghed, åbenhed og spontanitet – forventninger, som kan være svære at opfylde med statiske modeller. Metodisk anvendes en hermeneutisk og fortolkende tilgang, der søger at forstå handlinger gennem tolkning af ord og adfærd. Studiet er case-baseret og de to cases er valgt pga. kontekstuelle ligheder i organisationerne og i de forhold, der udløste potentielle kriser. Datagrundlaget omfatter opslag og udtalelser på sociale medier, offentlige erklæringer via traditionelle medier, information på de to virksomheders hjemmesider samt spørgeskemaer til centrale aktører i sagerne. Den teoretiske ramme kombinerer klassiske krisekommunikationsteorier med nyere teori om sociale medier. Starbucks’ og Applebee’s’ handlinger analyseres bl.a. gennem William Benoits Image Restoration (hvordan organisationer reparerer omdømme) og Timothy Coombs’ Situational Crisis Communication Theory (match mellem krisetype og respons). Winni Johansen og Finn Frandsens Rhetoriske arena bruges til at strukturere analysen som et samspil mellem mange stemmer. Teori om sociale medier supplerer, hvor de klassiske modeller ikke rækker. Konklusionen er, at konventionelle krisekommunikationsmodeller kun kan anvendes i begrænset omfang på sociale medier. Flere cases og yderligere forskning vil kunne understøtte mere generaliserbare konklusioner og hjælpe organisationer til bedre krisehåndtering på dette særlige medie.

As social media grows in influence, more organizations maintain a presence online. Information spreads in seconds, creating new opportunities and challenges when communicating with stakeholders—especially during crises. This thesis examines how well conventional crisis communication models still work when a crisis unfolds on social media. The study compares two cases: Starbucks and Applebee’s. The analysis suggests that Starbucks handled its crisis better than Applebee’s. Starbucks quickly acknowledged the allegations, showed they were taken seriously, and drew on the company’s image and past actions to proactively state a stance against homophobia and in favor of diversity. Applebee’s, by contrast, misread the crisis, underestimated how stakeholders interpreted the situation, and failed to use social media’s potential for dialogue. Findings indicate that selecting a fixed, normative strategy from a model of typical crisis types is not sufficient. Social media favors two-way communication that is more dynamic and complex than the sender-focused logic underpinning traditional models. Users expect eye-level dialogue, engagement, humility, openness, and spontaneity—expectations that are hard to meet with static models. Methodologically, the thesis takes a hermeneutic and interpretive approach, seeking to understand actions by interpreting words and behavior. The study is case-based; the two cases were chosen for contextual similarities in the organizations and in the circumstances that led to potential crises. Data include posts and statements on social media, public statements via traditional media, information from the companies’ websites, and questionnaires with key actors in the cases. The theoretical framework combines classic crisis communication theories with newer social media theory. Starbucks’ and Applebee’s actions are analyzed using William Benoit’s Image Restoration (how organizations repair reputation) and Timothy Coombs’ Situational Crisis Communication Theory (matching response to crisis type). Winni Johansen and Finn Frandsen’s Rhetorical Arena is used to structure the analysis as an interaction among many voices. Social media theory supplements areas where classic models fall short. The conclusion is that conventional crisis communication models are only partly applicable on social media. More cases and further research could support more generalizable conclusions and help organizations manage crises better on this distinct medium.

[This abstract was generated with the help of AI]