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An executive master's programme thesis from Aalborg University
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Changing Burden Sharing in Military Support for Ukraine: Explaining Variation among EU Member States across Time

Author

Term

4. semester

Publication year

2026

Submitted on

Abstract

This thesis investigates which factors explain the variation in EU member states’ military support for Ukraine and how the importance of these factors changes over time. Building on existing burden-sharing literature, it addresses a key gap: previous research largely treats support behaviour as static, even though support for Ukraine has unfolded in a protracted and dynamic crisis. To tackle this, the study develops an integrated theoretical framework that combines explanations drawn from collective action problems, threat perception, public opinion, strategic preferences, and states’ fiscal situations. Based on theories of state behaviour in crises, it formulates expectations about how the relevance of these determinants evolves between an early phase of the war (2022–2023) and a later phase (2024–2025). Empirically, the thesis employs fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis to identify configurations of conditions and multiple causal pathways that account for both high support and non-support for Ukraine, complemented by in-depth case studies of countries such as Lithuania and Italy. The analysis shows that military support cannot be understood through any single factor, but emerges from several different combinations of conditions. Public backing for military aid is the most consistent explanatory element and grows more important over time. Threat perception plays a particularly strong role in the early phase, but its relevance declines as the conflict continues. Fiscal space consistently contributes to explaining support and is especially central for understanding non-support in the early years. Strategic preferences become more influential over time, while assumptions derived from classical collective action theory are not supported by the findings. The thesis thus provides initial systematic insights into how the drivers of burden sharing in military support for Ukraine change over time and highlights the need for further theoretical and empirical work on the temporal dimension of support behaviour in long-lasting crises.

Denne afhandling undersøger, hvilke faktorer der forklarer variationen i EU-landenes militære støtte til Ukraine, og hvordan betydningen af disse faktorer ændrer sig over tid. Med udgangspunkt i eksisterende burden-sharing-litteratur adresserer studiet et centralt hul: at tidligere forskning typisk behandler støtteadfærd som statisk, selv om støtten til Ukraine er udviklet i en langvarig og dynamisk krise. Afhandlingen udvikler derfor en integreret teoretisk ramme, der kombinerer forklaringer fra kollektive handlingsproblemer, trusselsopfattelse, offentlig opinion, strategiske præferencer og landenes budgetmæssige situation. På baggrund af teorier om staters adfærd i krisesituationer formuleres forventninger til, hvordan disse faktorers forklaringskraft ændrer sig fra krigens første fase (2022–2023) til en senere fase (2024–2025. Empirisk anvendes fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis til at identificere konfigurationer af vilkår og forskellige årsagsveje, der kan forklare både høj støtte og manglende støtte til Ukraine, suppleret med dybdegående casestudier af blandt andre Litauen og Italien. Analysen viser, at militær støtte ikke kan forstås ud fra én enkelt faktor, men opstår gennem flere forskellige kombinationer af betingelser. Offentlig opbakning til militær støtte fremstår som den mest konsistente forklarende faktor og bliver vigtigere over tid. Trusselsopfattelse har særlig betydning i den tidlige fase, men dens betydning aftager, efterhånden som konflikten fortsætter. Samtidig bidrager landenes finanspolitiske råderum stabilt til at forklare støtte, mens det i den tidlige fase er centralt for at forstå fravær af støtte. Strategiske præferencer får stigende forklaringskraft over tid, mens antagelser fra klassisk kollektiv handlingsteori ikke finder empirisk støtte. Afhandlingen bidrager dermed med de første systematiske indsigter i, hvordan drivkræfterne bag burden sharing i militær støtte til Ukraine udvikler sig over tid, og peger på behovet for yderligere teoretisk og empirisk forskning i den tidslige dimension af støtteadfærd i langvarige kriser.

[This abstract has been generated with the help of AI directly from the project full text]