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An executive master's programme thesis from Aalborg University
Book cover


Calmodulin modulation of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors, and effects of pathogenic calmodulin mutations

Author

Term

4. term

Publication year

2026

Pages

108

Abstract

IP3 receptors (IP3R1, IP3R2, and IP3R3) are calcium-release channels in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Calmodulin (CaM), a calcium-sensing protein, is a known regulator of IP3R activity and has been associated with receptor inhibition. CaM mutations are linked to neurological and cardiac diseases. This study examined how CaM interacts with different IP3R isoforms and how CaM mutations influence that regulation. We combined three approaches. First, we interpreted cryo-electron microscopy data for IP3R1 and IP3R3. This structural analysis suggested that a regulatory region of the receptor is generally more accessible for CaM binding than the N-terminal region. Second, we measured CaM binding in solution using fluorescence anisotropy with TAMRA-labeled short peptides (~30 amino acids) from IP3R1 that represent the N-terminal (residues 1–159) and regulatory (residues 1489–1659) regions. Across ranges of calcium and CaM concentrations, the data were consistent with four CaM binding sites in IP3R1, two in each region. Comparing analogous peptides from different isoforms revealed isoform-specific differences in binding affinity, including a notably weak interaction for one IP3R3 regulatory peptide (residues 1571–1601). For all isoforms tested, CaM binding depended on calcium. Third, we performed functional ER calcium imaging in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells expressing individual IP3R isoforms. Using caged IP3 to trigger IP3R activity and the ER calcium indicator G-CEPIA, and co-expressing CaM variants, we observed larger responses in cells with IP3R2 and CaM-dependent differences in ER calcium signaling. Pathogenic CaM variants had greater effects on ER calcium release mediated by IP3R1 and IP3R2 than by IP3R3. Because the imaging experiments lacked biological replicates, these functional findings should be considered preliminary. Together, the results support a model in which CaM regulates IP3R channels in an isoform- and calcium-dependent manner, shaped by receptor structure and conformational state.

IP3-receptorer (IP3R1, IP3R2 og IP3R3) er calciumfrigivende kanaler i membranen af det endoplasmatiske retikulum (ER). Calmodulin (CaM), et calciumfølsomt protein, er en kendt regulator af IP3R-aktivitet og har tidligere været forbundet med hæmning af receptoren. Mutationer i CaM er knyttet til neurologiske og hjertesygdomme. Dette studie undersøgte, hvordan CaM interagerer med de forskellige IP3R-isoformer, og hvordan CaM-mutationer påvirker denne regulering. Vi kombinerede tre tilgange. Først tolkede vi krio-elektronmikroskopidata for IP3R1 og IP3R3. Denne strukturelle analyse tydede på, at en regulerende region i receptoren generelt er mere tilgængelig for CaM-binding end den N-terminale region. Dernæst målte vi CaM-binding i opløsning med fluorescensanisotropi og TAMRA-mærkede korte peptider (~30 aminosyrer) fra IP3R1, som repræsenterer den N-terminale (aminosyrer 1–159) og den regulerende (aminosyrer 1489–1659) region. På tværs af forskellige calcium- og CaM-koncentrationer var data forenelige med fire CaM-bindingssteder i IP3R1, to i hver region. Sammenligning af tilsvarende peptider fra forskellige isoformer viste isoformspecifikke forskelle i bindingsaffinitet, herunder en markant svag interaktion for et IP3R3-regulatorisk peptid (aminosyrer 1571–1601). For alle undersøgte isoformer var CaM-bindingen afhængig af calcium. Endelig udførte vi funktionel ER-calciumbilleddannelse i humane embryonale nyre-293 (HEK293) celler, som udtrykte individuelle IP3R-isoformer. Ved at aktivere IP3R med caged IP3 (fotofrigørligt IP3) og måle med den ER-lokaliserede calciumindikator G-CEPIA, samtidig med co-ekspression af CaM-varianter, så vi større responser i celler med IP3R2 og CaM-afhængige forskelle i ER-calciumsignalering. Patogene CaM-varianter påvirkede ER-calciumfrigivelse via IP3R1 og IP3R2 mere end via IP3R3. Da billeddannelsesforsøgene manglede biologiske replikater, bør disse funktionelle fund betragtes som foreløbige. Samlet peger resultaterne på, at CaM regulerer IP3R-kanaler på en isoform- og calciumafhængig måde, som påvirkes af receptorens struktur og konformationstilstand.

[This apstract has been rewritten with the help of AI based on the project's original abstract]