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A master's thesis from Aalborg University
Book cover


Bitcoin as a Portfolio Diversifier within Institutional Mean Variance Frameworks

Author

Term

4. semester

Publication year

2026

Pages

61

Abstract

This thesis examines whether adding digital assets—specifically Bitcoin and Ethereum—to a traditional multi-asset institutional portfolio can improve risk-adjusted performance relative to the classic 60/40 stocks–bonds benchmark. The method is mean–variance optimization (MVO), which balances expected return against risk, enhanced with Ledoit–Wolf covariance shrinkage (a statistical technique that stabilizes noisy risk estimates). Seven portfolio configurations are evaluated from January 2016 to May 2026, a period that includes the 2020 COVID-19 liquidity shock, the 2022 inflation spike, and a 2024 phase of institutional crypto adoption. The empirical design uses two out-of-sample validations (i.e., tests on data not used to build the model): a fixed-weight stability test and a rolling “realism” test with systematic rebalancing. Findings indicate that, within this sample and asset universe, portfolios including Bitcoin tended to achieve higher Sharpe and Sortino ratios than the 60/40 baseline (Sharpe and Sortino ratios measure return per unit of risk; Sortino emphasizes downside risk). The most diversified “Master Portfolio” (Case 7)—equities, bonds, Bitcoin, Ethereum, gold, and silver—achieves a static Sharpe ratio of 1.62, a static Sortino ratio of 3.23, and a maximum drawdown (largest peak-to-trough loss) of only −6.40%. Overall, the results support the primary hypothesis (H1) that Bitcoin can improve out-of-sample risk-adjusted performance in this setting, and they are consistent with the secondary hypothesis (H2) that Bitcoin acts mainly as a diversifier rather than a consistent safe haven. All findings are conditional on the sample period, the chosen asset universe, and the rebalancing assumptions. Price data are from Investing.com, and the risk-free rate is the FRED 3-Month Treasury Bill series (TB3MS).

Dette speciale undersøger, om integration af digitale aktiver—særligt Bitcoin og Ethereum—i en traditionel multi-asset institutionsportefølje kan forbedre risikokorrigeret performance i forhold til det klassiske 60/40-aktie/obligationsbenchmark. Metodisk anvendes middel-varians-optimering (Mean-Variance Optimization, MVO), der balancerer forventet afkast mod risiko, forbedret med Ledoit–Wolf-kovarians-skrumpning (en statistisk teknik, der stabiliserer usikre risikomål). Studiet vurderer syv porteføljesammensætninger over perioden januar 2016 til maj 2026, som omfatter flere markedsregimer, herunder COVID-19-likviditetschokket i 2020, inflationsstødet i 2022 og en fase med institutionel krypto-adoption i 2024. Den empiriske tilgang bruger to out-of-sample valideringer (dvs. test på data, der ikke anvendes til at bygge modellen): en stabilitetstest med faste vægte og en rullende “realisme”-test med systematisk rebalancering. Resultaterne peger på, at porteføljer med Bitcoin i denne stikprøve og inden for det valgte aktivunivers ofte opnår højere Sharpe- og Sortino-ratioer end 60/40-benchmarken (Sharpe- og Sortino-ratioer måler afkast pr. risikoeenhed; Sortino lægger vægt på nedsiderisiko). Den mest brede “Masterportefølje” (Case 7)—aktier, obligationer, Bitcoin, Ethereum, guld og sølv—opnår en statisk Sharpe-ratio på 1,62, en statisk Sortino-ratio på 3,23 og et maksimalt fald (Maximum Drawdown, største peak-til-trough-tab) på kun −6,40%. Samlet set understøtter fundene hovedhypotesen (H1) om, at Bitcoin i denne empiriske ramme kan forbedre out-of-sample risikokorrigeret performance, og de er også forenelige med (H2) om, at Bitcoin primært fungerer som diversifikator frem for som en konsistent “sikker havn”. Alle resultater er betingede af den valgte tidsperiode, aktivuniverset og antagelserne om rebalancering. Prisdata stammer fra Investing.com, og den risikofrie rente fra FREDs 3-måneders statskasseveksel (TB3MS).

[This apstract has been rewritten with the help of AI based on the project's original abstract]