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A master thesis from Aalborg University

Advanced Analysis of Steel Structures

[Avanceret analyse of stålkonstruktioner]

Author(s)

Term

4. term

Education

Publication year

2013

Submitted on

2013-06-07

Pages

127 pages

Abstract

Gennem de seneste år er adskillige landbrugsbygninger og sportshaller i Skandinavien kollapset grundet kraftigt snefald. Belastningerne på grund af et snefald resulterer i trykkræfter og bøjningsmomenter, som er vigtige faktorer, når en stålramme analyseres i brudgrænsetilstanden. Disse kræfter og momenter kan give overordnet instabilitet of stålrammen udtrykt som enten udknæknings eller kipningsbrud. Den europæiske dimensioneringsnorm Eurocode (EC) præsenterer en række forskellige metoder for at analysere stabiliteten af en stålramme. Nogle af disse metoder er mere forenklende end andre, og derfor er det endelige resultat - udnyttelsesgraden - muligvis påvirket af den valgte metode for stabilitetsanalysen af en stålramme. Dette kandidatspeciale undersøger opførslen af en fast simpelt understøttet referenceramme konstrueret i stål i forhold til overordnet instabilitet. Undersøgelsen er udført ved at sammenligne udnyttelsesgraderne bestemt henholdsvis ved interaktionsformlen givet i punkt 6.3.3 og ved den generelle metode givet i punkt 6.3.4 i European Standard [2005a]. Interaktionsformlen bestemmer direkte udnyttelsesgraden omkring enten y- eller z-aksen af et element, som er udsat for kombineret bøjning og aksialt tryk. Denne metode tager også højde for både udknækning og kipning. Præcisionen af denne metode afhænger betydeligt af antagelserne for understøtningsforholdene for elementet og interaktionsfaktorerne, som er baseret på, hvordan momentet er antaget at være fordelt. Den generelle metode er baseret på bestemmelsen af to mindste lastforøgelser, alfa_ult,k og alfa_cr,op, relateret til henholdsvis opførslen af en ramme i planen og ud af planen. Denne metode tillader at gøre brug af en Finite Element analyse til at bestemme de to mindste lastforøgelser. Finite Element analysen er udført med Abaqus/CAE, som er et ingeniørteknisk simulationsprogram. En todimensionel bjælkeelementmodel er sat op for bestemmelsen af den mindste lastforøgelse i planen, alfa_ult,k, og ved brug af den model er en arbejdskurve optegnet til at bestemme alfa_ult,k ved forholdet mellem henholdsvis en maksimal og en aktuel jævnt fordelt linjelast, q_max og q_actual. Den mindste lastforøgelse ud af planen, alfa_cr,op, er bestemt ved en tredimensionel skalelementmodel, hvor et egenværdiproblem er løst ved en buleanalyse udført i Abaqus/CAE. Egenværdien, lambda_cr, relateret til den færste udknækningstilstand ud af planen er lig med den mindste lastforøgelse, alfa_cr,op, for opførslen af rammen ud af planen. Disse to mindste lastforøgelser er brugt til at bestemme udnyttelsesgraden med den generelle metode. Udnyttelsesgraderne bestemt ved henholdsvis interaktionsformlen og den generelle metode er herefter sammenlignet for at se, om metoderne giver tilsvarende eller forskellige resultater. I den sidste del af dette kandidatspeciale er et parameterstudie udført for at se, hvilken indflydelse effekten af skivevirkning, supplerende gaffellejer eller en ændring af stålprofil kan have på resultaterne fra de to Eurocode-metoder.

During the latest years, several agricultural buildings and sports arenas in Scandinavia have collapsed due to heavy snowfalls. The loads due to a snowfall result in compression forces and bending moments which are important factors when analysing a steel frame in the ultimate limit state (ULS). These forces and moments can lead to global instability of the steel frame shown as either buckling or lateral torsional buckling failure. The European design guide Eurocode (EC) presents a number of different methods to use for an analysis of the stability of a steel frame. Some of these methods are more simplifying than others and therefore, the final result - the utilization ratio - is possibly affected by the method chosen for the stability analysis of a steel frame. This master thesis investigates the behaviour of a pinned supported reference frame constructed in steel due to global instability. The investigation is conducted by comparing the utilization ratios determined, respectively, by the Interaction Formulae given in Clause 6.3.3 and by the General Method given in Clause 6.3.4 in European Standard [2005a]. The Interaction Formulae is directly determining the utilization ratio around either the y or z axis of an element which is subjected to combined bending and axial compression. This method takes also into account both buckling and lateral torsional buckling. The accuracy of this method depends significantly on the assumptions made for the support conditions of the element and the interaction factors which are based on how the moment is assumed to be distributed. The General Method is based on the determination of two minimum load amplifiers, alpha_ult,k and alpha_cr,op, related to the in-plane and out-of-plane behaviour of the frame, respectively. This method allows to make use of a Finite Element Analysis to determine the two minimum load amplifiers. The Finite Element Analyis is conducted by Abaqus/CAE, which is an engineering simulation program. A two-dimensional beam element model is set up for the determination of the in-plane minimum load amplifier, alpha_ult,k, and by using that model a load-displacement curve is drawn to determine aalpha_ult,k by the relationship between a maximum and an actual uniformly distributed line load, q_max and q_actual, respectively. The out-of-plane minimum load amplifier, alpha_cr,op, is determined by a three-dimensional shell element model where an eigenvalue problem is solved by a buckle analysis performed in Abaqus/CAE. The eigenvalue, lambda_cr, related to the first out-of-plane buckling mode is equal to the minimum load amplifier, alpha_cr,op, for the out-of-plane behaviour of the frame. These two minimum load amplifiers are used to determine the utilization ratio by the General Method. The utilization ratios determined by the Interaction Formulae and the General Method, respectively, are hereafter compared to see if the methods are giving similar or different results. In the last part of this master thesis, a parameter study is done to see what influence an effect of a shear wall system, additional fork supports or a change of steel profile can have on the results.

Keywords

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