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A master thesis from Aalborg University

Udvikling af et Nyt Peptid Baseret Probe til Billeddannelse af Tumorer

[Development of a Novel Peptide Based Probe for Tumour Imaging]

Author(s)

Term

4. term

Education

Publication year

2011

Submitted on

2011-06-08

Pages

92 pages

Abstract

In the diagnosis and therapy of cancer, radioactive compounds are often applied. The awareness of altered receptor expression associated with many types of cancer, has permitted the development of receptor targeting by utilising radioactively labelled peptides with selective receptor affinity. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is involved in cellular growth and differentiation. Although EGFR is not tumour specific, it is frequently overexpressed in many types of cancers, and overexpression of EGFR is correlated with poor relapse free and survival rates. Therefore represents the EGFR a significant target for cancer diagnosis and therapy, and for the above given reasons was selected as target in this project. The natural ligand for the EGFR, the epidermal growth factor (EGF), has strong mitogenic activity, which makes it a poor choice as an EGFR targeting drug. Therefore was GE11, a peptide analogue of EGF, selected to investigate the feasibility of an EGFR targeting drug. GE11 was synthesised by solid phase peptide synthesis, however, labelling with the fluorophore fluorescein (as free acid) was unsuccessful. GE11 was, however, successfully labelled with 5(6)carboxyfluorescein. The correct sequence and weight of the labelled GE11 was verified by mass spectrometry techniques. Purification of the product was troublesome, and signs of peptide degradation were detected. The synthesis protocol was optimised and GE11 with lysine inserted at the N-terminus was labelled with 5(6)carboxyfluorescein and obtained at a higher yield. The fluorescent drug was tested in vitro using four different variants of the Swiss 3T3 murine fibroblast cell line, NR6. NR6 lacks expression of endogenous EGFR, and has previously been stably transfected with cDNA encoding the full length human EGFR or the EGFRvIII mutant. Thus, the lines express either physiological levels of EGFR, over-expresses EGFR or expresses the truncated, cancer specific and constitutively active EGFRvIII. The expression of the receptors was partly verified by immunofluorescence, using two different antibodies, and analysed with fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence confocal laser scanning microscopy. The cell lines were incubated in medium containing the synthesised fluorescently labelled drug, and the internalisation of the cells was analysed by fluorescence microscopy. However, the targeting ability was found to be poor, as the highest intensity was found with the physiological EGFR expression cell line and the EGFRvIII expression cell line. These findings were confirmed by flow cytometry analysis. However, the flow cytometry data also revealed, unlike the fluorescence microscopy, that the lowest intensity was seen in the EGFRvIII expressing cell line. Lysine-GE11 with the chelating agent DOTA attached to the N-terminus was also synthesised and purified, to allow the drug to be tested in vivo using a PET/CT scanner. The ability of the drug to form complexes with stable gallium and fluorescent europium were verified. However, as the affinity of the fluorescent peptide for EGFR was low and due to project time limitations, the metal DOTA-Lysine-GE11 complex was not tested in vivo. In conclusion, it was in this project found that the affinity of lysine-GE11 for the EGFR was poor, most likely due to the added lysine amino acid. Future projects could investigate GE11 or other peptides e.g. with affinity for the cancer-specific EFGRvIII receptor, to continue the development of affinity drugs for the diagnostics and therapy of cancer.

Til diagnosticering og behandling af kræft bliver radioaktive stoffer ofte anvendt. Opdagelsen af ændret receptor udtrykkelse i forbindelse med mange typer af kræft, har muliggjort udviklingen af receptor-målrettede stoffer ved at bruge radioaktivt mærkede peptider med selektiv receptor affinitet. Den epidermale vækstfaktor receptor (EGFR) er involveret i cellevækst og differentiering. Selvom EGFR ikke er tumor specifik, er den ofte overudtrykt i mange former for kræft, og overekspressionen af EGFR korrelerer med dårlig tilbagefald- og overlevelsesrate. Derfor udgør EGFR et potentielt mål for kræft diagnose og terapi, og for de ovennævnte anførte grunde blev receptoren valgt som mål i dette projekt. Det naturlige ligand for EGFR, den epidermal vækstfaktor (EGF), har stærk mitogenisk aktivitet, hvilket gør den til et dårligt valg i EGFR målrettet medicin. Derfor blev GE11, et EGF peptid analog, udvalgt til at undersøge muligheden for et EGFR målrettet affinitets peptid. GE11 blev syntetiseret med fast fase peptid syntese og forgæves forsøgt fluorescens mærket med fluoroforen fluorescein (som fri syre). GE11 blev efterfølgende mærket med 5(6)carboxyfluorescein. Den korrekte vægt og aminosyre rækkefølge af mærket GE11 blev eftervist med massespektrometri teknikker. Forsøg på at oprense produktet voldt imidlertid problemer, og der blev påvist tegn på nedbrydningen af peptidet. Protokollen til syntesen blev optimeret, GE11 med lysin indsat i N-terminalen blev syntetiseret med et højere udbytte, og lysin-GE11 blev mærket med 5(6)carboxyfluorescein. Det fluorescerende stof blev afprøvet in vitro med fire forskellige varianter af den schweiziske 3T3 murine fibroblast cellelinje, NR6. NR6 har ingen endogen EGFR udtrykkelse, og er blevet stabilt transfekteret med cDNA, kodende for den fulde humane-EGFR eller mutanten EGFRvIII. Linjerne udtrykker derved enten fysiologiske niveauer af EGFR, over-udtrykker EGFR eller udtrykker den afkortede, kræft specifikke og konstitutivt aktive EGFRvIII. Udtrykkelsen af receptorerne blev delvist bekræftet med immunfluorescens, med to forskellige antistoffer, og analyseres med fluorescens mikroskopi og fluorescens konfokal laser skannende mikroskopi. Cellelinjer blev inkuberet i medium, indeholdende det syntetiserede fluorescens-mærkede stof, og internaliseringen af stoffet blev analyseret ved fluorescens mikroskopi. Affiniteten var imidlertid dårlig, da cellelinjerne med højeste intensitet blev fundet til at være de EGFRvIII- og fysiologiske EGFR udtrykkende. Disse resultater blev bekræftet af flow-cytometri analyse. Flow-cytometri analysen viste imidlertid også, i modsætning til fluorescens mikroskopi, at den laveste intensitet var af den EGFRvIII udtrykkende cellelinje. Lysin-GE11 med det kelatdannende DOTA bundet til N-terminalen blev syntetiseret og oprenset, for at teste peptidet in vivo ved hjælp af PET/CT-scannere. Stoffets evne til at danne komplekser med stabile gallium og fluorescerende europium blev verificeret, men da affiniteten af det fluorescerende peptid for EGFR var lav, og på grund af begrænset tid i projektet, blev metal DOTA-Lysin-GE11 komplekset ikke testet in vivo. Det blev konkluderet, at den dårligt affinitet af lysin-GE11 for EGFR sandsynligvis skyldes den ekstra aminosyre lysin. Fremtidige projekter kunne undersøge GE11, eller andre peptider f.eks med affinitet for den kræft-specifikke EFGRvIII receptor, for at fortsætte udvikling af affinitets lægemidler til diagnostik og behandling af kræft.

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