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A master's thesis from Aalborg University
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The Stark effect in hydrogen

Translated title

Stark effekten i hydrogen

Author

Term

4. term (FYS10)

Education

Publication year

2016

Submitted on

Pages

50

Abstract

Specialet undersøger Stark-effekten—hvordan et ydre elektrisk felt påvirker brintatomets grundtilstand—ved hjælp af perturbationsteori, en tilnærmet metode til små påvirkninger. Først løses den feltfri Schrödinger-ligning i tre og to dimensioner i paraboliske koordinater, som er praktiske for brintproblemet, for at bestemme energier og egentilstande. Derefter indføres det elektriske felt, og perturbationsteori anvendes i både tre og to dimensioner. For at efterligne delvis indeslutning i nanostrukturer generaliseres modellen til ikke-heltals dimensioner mellem 2 og 3. Hermed udledes en rækkeudvikling for grundtilstandsenergien som funktion af dimension og feltstyrke. Rækken viser sig at divergere, hvilket er foreneligt med kvantemekanisk tunnelering, der kan føre til ionisering under det pålagte felt. Endelig bruges egentilstandene til at afbilde elektronens sandsynlighedstæthed. Feltet bryder symmetrien som forventet, og langt fra kernen på siden modsat feltet ses markante stigninger i sandsynlighedstætheden, som tolkes som tegn på tunnelering.

This thesis examines the Stark effect—how an external electric field influences the ground state of the hydrogen atom—using perturbation theory, an approximate method for small disturbances. We first solve the field-free Schrödinger equation in three and two dimensions using parabolic coordinates, which are convenient for the hydrogen problem, to obtain energies and eigenstates. We then add the electric field and apply perturbation theory in both three and two dimensions. To mimic partial confinement in nanostructures, we generalize the model to non-integer spatial dimensions between 2 and 3. From this, we derive a series expansion for the ground-state energy as a function of dimension and field strength. The series diverges, which is consistent with quantum tunneling that can lead to ionization under the applied field. Finally, we use the eigenfunctions to plot the electron’s probability density. The field breaks the symmetry as expected, and far from the nucleus on the side opposite to the field, pronounced increases in probability density appear, which we interpret as signatures of tunneling.

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