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A master thesis from Aalborg University

The effect of antimicrobial peptide indolicidin and its analogues on human embryonic stem cells

[Effekten af det antimikrobielle peptid indolicidin og dets analoger på menneske embryoniske stamceller]

Author(s)

Term

4. term

Education

Publication year

2012

Submitted on

2012-06-29

Pages

100 pages

Abstract

Forskning i menneske embryoniske stamceller er et hastigt udviklende område med et stort potentiale. Embryoniske stamceller kan ubegrænset reproducere sig selv, og de er i stand til at danne hele mangfoldighed af celler i en voksen krop. Væksten af disse celler in vitro kræver en høj grad af kontrol og kultur systemerne bliver konstant forbedret. Stamceller adskiller sig fra andre celler i mange henseender, og tilstedeværelsen af DNA basen 5-hydroxymethylcytosin blev for nylig fundet; en DNA-base, der i mammale celler næsten kun findes i embryoniske stamceller. Indolicidin er et antimikrobielt peptid med en unik DNA-interagerende egenskab, der kan inhibere DNAsyntese i bakterier. Virkningen af binding til mammal DNA er endnu ikke er blevet tilstrækkeligt undersøgt, og muligheden for en interaktion med 5-hydroxymethylcytosin i embryoniske stamceller var den indledende ide til dette projekt. Virkningen af indolicidin, analogen indolicidin-4 og det nye peptid IL4-RWT blev testet på de embryoniske stamcelle linjer RH1 og T8. Cellerne blev groet i et kultur system af Matrigel og mTESR 1. Cytotoksiske koncentrationer blev bestemt, og IL4-RWT, der indeholder fluorophoren rhodamin WT, blev anvendt til at teste cellulær optagelse af peptidet. Flowcytometri viste en langsom lineær optagelse, hvilket indikerer en endocytose relateret pathway og dette blev bekræftet med fluorescens konfokal laserscanningsmikroskopi, der vidste inklusionslegemer. Virkningen af IL4 på pluripotensen af RH1 celler blev først testet ved anvendelse af et kort assay. Morfologien af cellerne blev overvåget, og udtrykningen af pluripotens transkriptionsfaktorer Oct-4 og Nanog blev bestemt ved anvendelse af real-tids revers transkriptase PCR. Ingen betydelig virkning blev observeret, og en længere analyse af T8 celler blev udført med IL og IL4. En klar positiv effekt blev observeret for IL4, men en karyotype test afslørede en mosaik, der gjorde resultaterne ubrugelige. DNA blev isoleret fra de voksne HDF celler og fra RH1 celler. DNA’et blev fragmenteret med ultralydbehandling eller med restriction enzymer og scannet med AFM. Ultralydbehandlingen producerede DNA med den ønskede størrelse uden behov for ekstra oprensningstrin som med enzymatisk nedbrydning, og denne fremgangsmåde blev anvendt til klargøringen af DNA til test med IL4. Bindingen af IL4 til både HDF og RH1 DNA blev bekræftet, og en hurtig og nem fremgangsmåde til visualisering og analyse af DNA molekyler blev beskrevet.

Human embryonic stem cell research is a rapidly evolving field with a great potential. Embryonic stem cells can continuously reproduce themselves, and they are capable of forming the entire diversity of cells in an adult. The growth of these cells in vitro requires a high level of control and the culture systems are constantly improving. Embryonic stem cells are distinct from other cells in many aspects, and the presence of the DNA base 5-hydroxymethylcytosine was recently found - a DNA base that in mammalian cells is almost exclusive to embryonic stem cells. Indolicidin is an antimicrobial peptide with a unique DNA binding capacity that can inhibit the DNA synthesis in bacteria. The effect of binding to mammalian DNA has not yet been properly investigated, and the possibility of an effect from binding to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in embryonic stem cells was the initial idea for this project. The effect of indolicidin, the analogue indolicidin-4 and a new peptide IL4-RWT was tested on the embryonic stem cell lines RH1 and T8. The cells were maintained in a culture system of Matrigel and mTeSR. Cytotoxic concentrations were determined, and IL4-RWT, that contains the fluorophore rhodamine WT, was used to test the cellular uptake of the peptide. Flow cytometry showed a slow linear uptake indicating an endocytosis related pathway and this was confirmed by fluorescence confocal laser scanning microscopy showing inclusion bodies. The effect of IL4 on the pluripotency of RH1 cells was first tested using a short assay. The morphology of the cells was monitored and the expression of pluripotency transcription factors Oct-4 and Nanog was determined using real-time reverse-transcription PCR. No significant effect was observed and a longer assay using the T8 cells was conducted with IL and IL4. A clear positive effect was observed for IL4, but a karyotype test revealed a mosaic making the results void. DNA was isolated from the adult HDF cells and from the RH1 cells. The DNA was fragmented using ultrasonication or digestion and imaged using AFM. Ultrasonication provided DNA of the desired size without the need for extra cleanup steps as with enzymatic digestion, and this method was used to prepare DNA for testing with IL4. The binding of IL4 to both HDF and RH1 DNA was confirmed, and a fast and easy method for visualisation and analysis of the DNA molecules was described.

Keywords

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