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A master thesis from Aalborg University

Strength and Deformation Properties of Tertiary Clay at Moesgaard Museum and FE Investigations on the Interaction between a Pile and Swelling Clay

[Styrke- og deformationsegenskaber af tertiær ler ved Moesgård Museum og FE undersøgelser af interaktionen mellem en pæl og svellende ler]

Author(s)

Term

4. term

Education

Publication year

2010

Submitted on

2010-09-07

Pages

141 pages

Abstract

Denne afhandling består af to individuelle artikler. I den første artikel beskrives den tertiære ler ved Moesgård Museum geologisk og geoteknisk. Den anden artikel omhandler numerisk modellering af en enkeltpæl placeret i en svellende ler, hvor svelningen modelleres som en aflastning ved afgravning. Problemstillingerne i de to artikler er resumeret nedenfor. Svellende ler er særdeles ekspansivt, når det kommer i forbindelse med vand, hvilket kan medføre store skader af bygninger pga. hævning af jorden. Derfor er det af stor vigtighed at bestemme ved hvilket spændingsniveau, svelning kan forventes, i form af svelletrykket. Derudover er både deformations-- og styrkeparametre nødvendige for at kunne dimensionere fundamenter for nye konstruktioner. Den første artikel behandler de styrke-- og deformationsmæssige egenskaber af den tertiære ler ved Moesgård Museum, som ligger 10~km syd for Århus. Dette indbefatter evaluering af to konsolideringsforsøg og et triaksialforsøg. Ud fra konsolideringsforsøgene er svelletrykket, forbelastningsspændingen, tøjningsindekset og konsolideringsmodulet fundet. Den drænede og udrænet styrke er bestemt ud fra triaksialforsøget. Pælefundering, der er dimensioneret til at optage tryklaster pga. sætninger, benyttes sommetider i svellende ler. Grundet friktionen mellem pæl og jord fører hævningen, som følge af svelning, til en yderligere trækbelastning. Denne kombination af træk- og trykbelastning kan være kompleks at analysere, både teoretisk og numerisk. I den anden artikel adskilles mekanismerne ved den kombinerede træk-- og trykbelastning af en enkeltpæl som følge af svelning, hvormed problemet simplificeres til en indspændt pæl, der pga. en afgravning trækbelastes. Denne modelleres numerisk, hvorefter hævningen af jordoverflade, forskydningsspændingerne i jord--pæl interface og normalspændingerne i pælen baseret på et casestudie af Lillebæltsler er analyseret. Analyserne viser, at tilstedeværelsen af pælen skaber en svag zone inden for en radius af 3 pælediametre fra pælens centerlinie, hvor den maksimale hævning inden for denne radius aftager polynomisk med stigende styrke af grænseflade. Svelningen af jorden fører til opadrettede forskydningsspændinger i jord--pæl grænsefladen, hvilket medfører aksiale trækspændinger i pælen, som i det undersøgte tilfælde overstiger betonens trækstyrke. Trækspændingerne i pælen topper efter 35--50~år, på trods af at hævningerne i jorden forløber over yderligere 300~år. Det ser ud til, at udviklingen af plastisk grænseflade medfører en sammentrækning af pælen pga. brud langs pælens overflade.

This thesis consists of two individual papers. In the first paper, the tertiary clay at Moesgaard Museum is geologically and geotechnically described. The second paper concerns finite element modelling of a single pile positioned in a swelling clay. The swelling is modelled as an unloading by an excavation. The subjects of the two papers are summarised in the following. Swelling soils are highly expansive in combination with water, which could lead to damaging of buildings due to heave of the soil. Thus, it is important to determine at which stress levels swelling is expected to occur. This is represented by the swelling pressure. Additionally, deformation and strength parameters of the clay are necessary for a detailed design of the foundation of new buildings. The first paper evaluates the strength and deformation properties of the tertiary clay at Moesgaard Museum situated 10~km south of Aarhus. This includes analyses of two consolidation tests and a single triaxial test. The swelling pressure, the preconsolidation stress, the compression index and the constrained modulus are determined based on the consolidation tests. The drained and undrained strength are found by the triaxial test. Pile foundations designed to resist compressive loads caused by settlements are occasionally situated in swelling soils. Due to the friction between pile and soil, the heave caused by swelling leads to an additional tensile loading. Analysis of this combination of tensile and compressive loading is complex, both theoretically and numerically. In the second paper, the mechanisms of the combined tensile and compressive loading of a single pile caused by swelling are decoupled. Thus, the problem is simplified to a fixed pile which, because of an excavation, is exposed to tensile loading. This is modelled numerically, and the heave of the new ground surface, the shear stresses at the soil--pile interface and the internal vertical stresses are analysed based on a case study of Little Belt Clay. The analyses show that the presence of the pile creates a weak zone within a radius of 3 pile diameters from the axis of symmetry of the pile. The maximum heave within this zone is polynomially decreasing with increasing interface strength. The swelling of the surrounding soil implies upward shear stresses at the soil--pile interface. This leads to tensile vertical stresses in the pile which in the current case exceed the tensile strength of concrete. The tensile vertical stresses peak after 35-50~years even though the heave of the soil continues for additional 300~years. It appears that the development of plastic interface implies the shrinkage of the pile because of the slip at the pile surface.

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