The discovery of lucrative oil and gas reserves in the Albertine Graben basin in South West Uganda, could possibly multiply government revenue several fold. Findings, which signify a major possible change in the country’s position considering the fact that it is one of the low incomes, aid dependent countries in the Sub Saharan region. However, the commercial exploitation of this resource also presents the country with formidable environmental challenges due to weak institutions, lack of public participation, poor communication (as results of gaps in information flow), unskilled labor in the oil industry, absence of crucial policies, poor organizational structures and governance system, indicators that continue to affect all activities leading to unsustainable actions at both the national and community levels. This could give birth to more disastrous results like civil strife, sabotage of oil dealing and the resource curse phenomenon. The study focuses on aspects of long term sustainable actions which require engagement of all actors, dissemination of information among others driven by all the four sustainability domains (political, economic, ecological and cultural pillars) to prevent potential negative impacts on the country’s socio-economic development. The thesis uses a qualitative research method to explore how sustainability can be at the forefront of the natural resource management inclusive mineral exploration, with the benefit of best practices from Botswana, another Sub-Saharan country. The study’s main findings conclude that establishment of robust institutions, well-formulated policies and organised governance structure (that follows rule of law and transparency) are important factors that could greatly shape activities in the oil industry and evade dreadful conditions that could affect both inhabitants and the environment.