Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Micro Combined Heat and Power system: Choosing the right reformer
Student thesis: Master Thesis and HD Thesis
- Julian Ralf Jensen
- Anders Christian Olesen
4. term, Energy Engineering, Master (Master Programme)
In this thesis the eligibility of a micro combined heat and power (mCHP) system has been investigated.
Focus was pointed at the potential of mCHPs in danish homes. Different technologies
were discussed including fuel cells (FC), internal combustion engines and stirling engines. A
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) was chosen as the technology of interrest, since it has the potential
of a very high electrical efficiency and because it can, via reforming, be run on natural gas
and thereby use the extensive distribution network that is present in Denmark.
To determine the size of the system an analysis was made of five danish single family homes.
The common way of running a mCHP system is to let it follow the heating demand and to buy
or sell the deficiency or surplus of electricity from or to the electric grid. Via data processing,
it was concluded that a 2 [kW] thermal output together with a 350 [L] hot water storage tank
would cover the heating demand of the houses. Since the heat to power ratio of a common
SOFC system is 2:1 it was investigated how much of the electricity demand would be covered.
It was found that in 90 % of the time the mCHP system would be able to supply electricity to
the houses.
The core of this thesis project was to find out which topology of the mCHP system would
yield the highest efficiency, especially which reformer technology would be most suitable. Two
different technologies were chosen and compared: steam reforming (SR) and catalytic partial
oxidation (CPO). All the different main components in the system were modeled: reformer,
FC, catalytic burner, turbomachinery, ejectors, heat exchangers and the heat loss of the vital
components. All these sub-models were connected in a total system which was programmed
in Engineering Equation Solver (EES). In the literature it was found that recirculation of the
cathode off-gas would increase the efficiency, so a total of four models were made: SR without
recirculation (Case 1) SR with recirculation (Case 1 CR), CPO without recirculation (Case 2)
and finally CPO with recirculation (Case 2 CR). As there are several streams that need to be
heated and there is a lot of heat in the exhaust gas a heat exchanger network is a necessity; this
was set up and optimised via Pinch Analysis to obtain the highest amount of heat recovery.
Due to the complexity of the system an optimisation routine was implemented to find
out which system inputs would yield the highest efficiency. Total efficiencies comparable to a
state-of-the-art combustion engine and FC based system were found. The electrical efficiency
exceeded those of the compared. Due to convergence issues it was not possible to implement
anode recycle in the system although it is expected that it could increase the efficiency even
more.
An interesting finding was, that increasing the amount of internal reforming significantly
increased the system efficiency. The amount of internal reforming should however be kept as
low as possible due to the internal reforming can cause carbon depositions on the anode during
long-time operation; it is much easier and cheaper to replace the catalytic material in the
reformer than in the FC stack.
With the emerging technology of SOFCs they are still not compatible with regular IC
systems due to the high price of the FC stack. However, studies have shown that in the
summer, when the heating demand is almost non-existing and the mCHP is operating almost
only to supply electricity, the SOFC mCHP unit can produce an environmental benefit if grid
electricity produced from coal is displaced.
Language | English |
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Publication date | 2009 |
Number of pages | 119 |
Publishing institution | Aalborg Universitet |