The thesis report is the continuation of the internship research study which was conducted in Zambia with the collaboration of Zambia environmental institute of environmental management (ZIEM). The internship research study was about investigating the best available practice (BAP) and best available technology (BAT) for managing waste tyres in a developing nation. BAP entails how end of life tyres (waste tyres) are been utilized for various purposes at the household level, community level, institution level (e.g. schools, church etc.) and business level (entrepreneurship) as well as by the public in general. Whereas, BAT entails how end of life tyres using technological processes are being converted into various materials to create new valuable products and other materials.
Consequently, this thesis takes a furthermore research study by trying to explore the aspect of the best available models (BAM) and innovative approaches in relation to the establishment and promotion of tyre waste circular economy especially in developing nations. Herein, BAM involves holistic approaches and integrated initiatives that are pioneered and implemented by various organisations, governments, companies, entrepreneurship and institutions (authorities, universities, etc.) to create sustainable solutions for waste management system such as waste tyre management.

The thesis research study is based on qualitative case studies approach using both primary data that is semi-structured interviews and secondary data collection. One waste tyre upcycling company from Denmark and one waste tyre downcycling company from Sweden were interviewed. Three waste tyre informal entrepreneurs in Zambia were also interviewed. Additionally, the waste tyre recycling promotion organisation known as Recycling and economic development initiative of South Africa (REDISA) has been presented as a case example for best available model (BAM) using secondary data.

The discussion of the findings have highlighted four types of entrepreneurs categorized as Survivalist, Lifestylist, Championist and Pioneerist. Additionally, the thesis has also attempted to illustrate the circular economy (CE) concept based on the case studies and the conceptual framework by using a metaphor of the drupe fruit to simplify the meaning and understanding of the CE concept for both professional and unprofessional people involved in waste tyre management system.