Author(s)
Term
4. term
Education
Publication year
2009
Submitted on
2009-06-04
Pages
100 pages
Abstract
The present project has focussed on the application of low methylated (LM) pectin as stabiliser in the production of stirred yoghurt. The production process of stirred yoghurt is described and combined with a review of recent literature on the subject of yoghurt stabilisation by pectin, this is used as the basis for a description of the interactions during fermentation and the stabilisation mechanism of LM pectin in stirred yoghurt. The quality parameters of stirred yoghurt are described with the purpose of identifying the functional concentration range of LM pectin, and the limiting mechanisms. These mechanisms are used as the background for selecting and testing experimental methods for their applicability in determining the functional range of pectin and the effect of milk properties on the functional range of pectin. The upper limit is due to depletion flocculation and is determined by analytical centrifugation. Determining the lower limit of the functional range of pectin requires a deeper understanding of the interactions between milk and pectin during acidification. To determine these, a line of experiments combining rheology and electrophoretic mobility have been carried out. These show that pectin adsorbs to the casein network after gelation without affecting the gelation process, and that the gelation depends strongly on heat treatment of the milk. Using this knowledge a method using electrophoretic mobility to determine the minimum in the functional range have been suggested. Dielectric spectroscopy has been tested as a tool of monitoring yoghurt fermentation including particle-particle interaction and adsorption of pectin. This has helped identify the challenges and potential of this method. Intrinsic viscosity as a tool of predicting depletion flocculation has also been evaluated, showing some weaknesses of the application.
Dette projekt har fokuseret på anvendelse af lav methyleret (LM) pektin som stabilisator i produktionen af rørt yoghurt. Produktionsprocessen for rørt yoghurt bliver beskrevet og kombineret med et review af den seneste litteratur om yoghurt stabilisering med pektin, bliver dette brugt som basis for en beskrivelse af interaktionerne under fermenteringen og den stabiliserende mekanisme af LM pektin i rørt yoghurt. Kvalitetsparametrene for rørt yoghurt er beskrevet med det formål at identificere det funktionelle koncentrationsvindue af LM pektin, og de begrænsende mekanismer. Disse mekanismer bruges som baggrund for valg og test af eksperimentelle metoder til bestemmelse af deres anvendelighed til at bestemme det funktionelle vindue af pektin og effekterne af mælkens egenskaber herpå. Den øvre grænse skyldes depletion flokkulering og den bliver bestemt via analytisk centrifugering. Bestemmelse af den nedre grænse af det funktionelle vindue af pektin kræver en dybere forståelse af interaktionerne mellem mælk og pektin under forsuring. For at bestemme disse blev en forsøgsrække som kombinerer rheologi og elektroforetisk mobilitet gennemført. Denne viste at pektin adsorberer til casein netværket efter gellering, uden at påvirke geleringsprocessen, og at geleringen afhænger kraftigt af varmebehandlingen af mælken. Ved at bruge denne viden er en metode til at bestemme den nedre grænse af det funktionelle vindue ved brug af elektroforetisk mobilitet blevet foreslået. Dielektrisk spektroskopi er blevet testet som et redskab til at monitorere yoghurt fermentering inklusiv partikel-partikel interaktioner og adsorption af pektin. Dette har hjulpet til at identificere udfordringerne og potentialet af denne metode. Intrinsisk viskositet som et redskab til at bestemme depletion flokkulering er også blevet evalueret, og har vist nogle svagheder ved denne anvendelse.
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