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A master thesis from Aalborg University

Nye teknikker til rensning af vand i danske svømmebade med fokus på elektrokemisk oxidation og desinfektion

[New techniques for treatment of water in Danish swimming pools with focus on electrochemical oxidation and disifection]

Author(s)

Term

4. term

Education

Publication year

2007

Submitted on

2009-03-13

Pages

154 pages

Abstract

The present thesis considers two closely related topics. The first is contributions to a tender for an examination project called by the Danish EPA concerning tests of alternative techniques for treatment of swimming pool water. The tender was prepared by a consortium between Rambøll A/S and Scan Research A/S, and the project group has evaluated the applicability of a newly developed test trailer to conduct the required tests on swimming pools. The ozone as well as the electrochemical treatment system installed in the trailer were found to be applicable. A search for commercial applications on the Danish swimming pool market and an evaluation of the collected manufacturer experiences revealed that especially UV treatment of swimming pool water is well documented, and the treatment system installed in MarseillisborgCentrets Svømmebad was identified as very applicable as test installation. The second topic is electrochemical treatment of swimming pool water, a technique widely used in Greece, but not implemented in Denmark. Laboratory investigations revealed the chlorine production rate to be 1.69·10-4 mol/min·A in a 0.9 % NaCl electrolyte with a current efficiency of 55 % and energy efficiencies of 6-12 %. The efficiencies were enhanced by increasing NaCl concentration. The cathodic production rate of hydrogen gas was determined to be 3.82·10-4 mol/min·A, and the ratio of 2.3:1 to the chlorine production strongly indicates the formation of other oxidants. By the experimental method of bleaching p-nitroso-dimethylaniline (RNO), the formation of hydroxyl radicals was demonstrated. Ozone is another feasible oxidant expected to be identified in subsequent investigations. Through the bleaching tests, a synergetic effect was found by the presence of chloride in the electrolyte and the electrochemical treatment. In an electrochemical disinfection experiment, a linear logarithmic reduction of E. coli was found, and with a contact time of 0.33 s, a log-3 reduction was obtained at a current of 9 A in a 0.9 % NaCl electrolyte. By model calculations, the disinfection caused by the produced chlorine was estimated to less be than 1 %. A full scale electrochemical treatment system for a 32 m3 swimming pool was dimensioned, and the power consumption was estimated to 2.3 kWh/day. On the basis of the experimental work and the literature study, the project group considers the electrochemical technique as being very well suited for treatment of swimming pool water in Denmark.

Nærværende afgangsprojekt behandler to nært relaterede problemstillinger. Det første er bidrag til et tilbud på et undersøgelsesprojekt udbudt af Miljøstyrelsen, der omhandler tests af alternative renseteknikker til svømmebade. Tilbudet er udarbejdet af et konsortium bestående af Rambøll A/S og Scan Research A/S, og projektgruppen har evalueret muligheden af at anvende en nyligt udviklet test trailer i svømmebadstestene og dermed inddrage traileren i tilbudet. I den forbindelse blev trailerens ozonanlæg og elektrokemiske rensesystem vurderet til at være anvendelige. En undersøgelse af produkter på det danske marked for renseteknikker til svømmebade og en vurdering af dokumentationsmateriale indhentet fra producenter og distributører viste, at især rensning af svømmebadsvand med UV er en veldokumenteret teknik, som uden yderligere tests burde blive implementeret i standarderne for dansk svømmebadsbehandling. Ligeledes blev anlægget installeret i MarseillisborgCentrets Svømmebad identificeret som et særdeles anvendeligt testanlæg. Det andet emne er elektrokemisk rensning af svømmebadsvand, en teknik som anvendes i Grækenland, men som endnu ikke er mplementeret i dansk vandbehandling. Undersøgelser i laboratoriet viste en produktionshastighed af klor på 1.69·10-4 mol/min·A i en 0,9 % NaCl elektrolyt med en strømeffektivitet på 55 % og en energieffektivitet på 6-12 %, som begge blev forbedrede ved stigende NaCl koncentrationer. Produktionshastigheden af brint ved katoden blev bestemt til 3.82·10-4 mol/min·A, og forholdet til klorproduktionen på 2,3:1 indikere kraftigt, at der bliver dannet andre oxidanter i den elektrokemiske proces. Dannelse af hydroxyl radikaler blev påvist ved afblegning af stoffet p-nitroso-dimethylanilin (RNO), og ozon er en anden oxidant, der forventes påvist ved kommende forsøg. Afblegningsforsøgene viste en synergieffekt imellem tilstedeværelsen af kloridioner i elektrolytten og den elektrokemiske proces. I et forsøg med desinficering af E. coli blev der påvist en linear logaritmisk reduktion, og ved en opholdstid på 0,33 s blev der i en 0,9 % NaCl elektrolyt opnået en log-3 reduktion ved en strømstyrke på 9 A. Modelberegninger viste, at mindre end 1 % af desinfektionseffekten kunne tilskrives klor. Et fuldskala elektrokemisk rensesystem til et 32 m3 svømmebad er blevet dimensioneret og effektforbruget blev estimeret til 2.3 kWh/døgn. På baggrund af de udførte laboratorieforsøg og litteraturstudiet er det projektgruppens vurdering, at den elektrokemiske teknik er særdeles velegnet til rensning af vand i danske svømmebade.

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