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A master's thesis from Aalborg University
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Nature-Based Solutions for "Spongetown" Christiania: Sustainability Pathways of a Countercultural Urban Living Lab

Authors

;

Term

4. Term

Publication year

2024

Submitted on

Pages

200

Abstract

Christiania, the self-managed Freetown in Copenhagen, has spent decades testing community-led ways to live more sustainably. This study examines how these experiments—especially Nature‑based Solutions (NbS) that use natural processes such as rain gardens, green roofs and wetlands—interact with the city’s infrastructure and climate‑adaptation plans. We ask how lessons from Christiania can help Copenhagen become a “Sponge City” that absorbs and reuses rainwater instead of relying only on pipes and concrete. We combine insights from transition studies (Transition Management and Strategic Niche Management—approaches that help small, innovative niches grow and link to mainstream systems) with broader sustainability frameworks (Planetary Boundaries and the UN Sustainable Development Goals). Using a grounded‑theory approach, we connect perspectives that consider people, technologies and institutions across scales (Actor–Network Theory and the Multi‑Level Perspective) and bring them together in a structured decision process (Multi‑Criteria Decision Analysis). Our work draws on literature reviews, interviews, participatory observations and urban analysis guided by four principles: resilience, circularity, symbiosis and regeneration (RCSR). We identify key actors, drivers and barriers that shape the spread of Christiania’s niches and outline scenarios for scaling green‑blue infrastructure (parks, trees and water features) and integrated urban water management in Copenhagen. This shift moves the city away from centralized “grey” solutions toward more local, nature‑based approaches. We show that Christiania functions as an informal Urban Living Lab where community‑led innovations can be recognized and integrated into municipal strategies. We propose a combined IUCN–DGNB approach for Christiania’s Local Plan and sketch “Spongetown Christiania”—design options that prioritize NbS and green‑blue infrastructure. Valuing ecosystem services—the benefits nature provides, such as flood control, cooling and biodiversity—is central to these proposals. Looking ahead, we recommend connecting socio‑technical, techno‑economic, socio‑ecological and institutional approaches so that ecosystem services are included in life‑cycle assessments and urban sustainability certifications. Our collaborative research indicates that Christiania could serve as a pilot project for these efforts in Copenhagen and beyond.

Christiania, den selvforvaltede 'Fristad' i København, har i årtier afprøvet fællesskabsdrevne måder at leve mere bæredygtigt på. I dette studie undersøger vi, hvordan disse forsøg—særligt naturbaserede løsninger (NbS), der udnytter naturlige processer som regnbede, grønne tage og vådområder—spiller sammen med byens infrastruktur og klimatilpasning. Vi spørger, hvordan erfaringerne fra Christiania kan hjælpe København med at blive en 'svampeby', der opsuger og genbruger regnvand frem for kun at stole på rør og beton. Vi kombinerer indsigter fra transitionstudier (Transition Management og Strategic Niche Management—tilgange, der hjælper små, innovative nicher med at vokse og koble sig på det etablerede system) med overordnede bæredygtighedsrammer (Planetary Boundaries og FN’s verdensmål). Med en grounded-theory-tilgang forbinder vi perspektiver, der ser på samspil mellem mennesker, teknologi og institutioner på flere niveauer (Actor–Network Theory og Multi-Level Perspective), og samler dem i en struktureret beslutningsproces (Multi‑Criteria Decision Analysis). Vores arbejde bygger på litteraturstudier, interviews, deltagerobservationer og byanalyser med fire ledende principper: robusthed, cirkularitet, symbiose og regenerativ praksis (RCSR). Vi peger på centrale aktører, drivkræfter og barrierer for at sprede Christianias nicher og skitserer scenarier for at skalere grøn‑blå infrastruktur (parker, træer og vandmiljøer) og integreret byvandhåndtering i København. Skiftet peger væk fra centraliserede 'grå' løsninger og mod mere lokale, naturbaserede greb. Vi viser, at Christiania fungerer som et uformelt Urban Living Lab, hvor lokalt udviklede innovationer kan anerkendes og indarbejdes i kommunale strategier. Vi foreslår en kombineret IUCN–DGNB-tilgang til Christianias lokalplan og skitserer 'Spongetown Christiania'—designgreb, der prioriterer naturbaserede løsninger og grøn‑blå infrastruktur. En nøgle er at værdisætte økosystemtjenester—de goder naturen leverer, som fx oversvømmelsesbeskyttelse, køling og biodiversitet. Fremadrettet anbefaler vi at forbinde socio‑tekniske, tekno‑økonomiske, socio‑økologiske og institutionelle tilgange, så økosystemtjenester kan indgå i livscyklusvurderinger og byers bæredygtighedscertificeringer. Vores samarbejde peger på, at Christiania kan blive et pilotprojekt for disse indsatser i København og internationalt.

[This apstract has been rewritten with the help of AI based on the project's original abstract]