AAU Student Projects - visit Aalborg University's student projects portal
A master thesis from Aalborg University

Minimal-Control DSP for Mix-Bus Processing

Author(s)

Term

4. Term

Education

Publication year

2025

Submitted on

2025-09-02

Pages

126 pages

Abstract

Denne afhandling undersøger, hvordan etablerede DSP-teknikker kan tilpasses og integreres i et opgave-specifikt, realtidsplugin til mix-bussen målrettet ikke-tekniske brugere. Udgangspunktet er, at litteraturen beskriver de enkelte moduler godt (fx kompression, clipping, EQ), men sjældent forankrer metoderne i arbejdsgange og begrænsninger for et samlet mix-bus-værktøj. Litteraturgennemgangen blev derfor fokuseret på audio-specifikke fora (DAFx, AES) og suppleret med analyser af kommercielle værktøjer, så diskussionen forblev tæt på praksis for realtidsplugins. På dette grundlag implementerer projektet en kædet prototype, der kobler: (i) en feed-forward kompressor med parallel peak/RMS-detektion styret af én Bias-makro; (ii) en bredt anlagt EQ (faste bånd) med subtil saturation på differenssignalet; (iii) en stereoudvider, der løfter side-energi i højfrekvens og tilføjer en begrænset ambience-vej; samt (iv) en hybrid “maximizer”, hvor ADAA-baseret clipping kun aktiveres på transiente overshoot, før et look-ahead limiter-trin. Antialiasing realiseres med kæde-oversampling kombineret med lokal ADAA i clippingen. Evalueringen bestod af en fem minutters rough-mix-opgave i Logic Pro (tre stems; al behandling via plugin’et) med elleve ikke-tekniske deltagere efterfulgt af NASA–TLX, SUS og interviews. SUS var i gennemsnit 80,2 (“excellent”), med spænd fra 65 til 92,5; NASA–TLX viste en arbejdsbelastning domineret af tidskrav ((vægtet $\approx$ 54,8)), mens mental belastning, indsats, præstation og frustration lå på moderate niveauer. Kvalitativt blev kompressoren og breddekontrollen vurderet som særligt intuitive; EQ’ens lyd blev rost, men nogle fandt dens GUI-placering sekundær; udvideren havde brug for en lidt strammere øvre rækkevidde; og maximizeren blev værdsat som koncept, men kunne give pumping ved kraftig reduktion. Bidraget er todelt: (1) en arkitektonisk ramme, der udvikler og kobler kendte algoritmer specifikt til mix-bus-opgaven, og (2) dokumentation for, at makro-niveau-interaktioner kan bevare musikalsk kontrol for ikke-eksperter under tidspres. Begrænsninger omfatter lille stikprøve og prototypisk måling/visualisering. Arbejdet peger på en designvej, hvor DSP-valg, kontrolreduktion og evaluering co-specificeres af produktionsopgaven frem for af enkeltalgoritmer i isolation.

This thesis investigates how established digital signal processing (DSP) techniques can be adapted and integrated into a task-specific, real-time plugin for mix-bus work aimed at non-technical users. The central premise is that while the literature provides strong accounts of individual modules (e.g., compression, clipping, equalization), it rarely grounds those methods in the constraints and workflows of a coherent mix-bus tool. The review strategy therefore concentrated on audio-specific venues (DAFx, AES) and supplemented gaps with commercial case analyses to keep the discussion tied to real-time plugin practice. From this base, the project implements a fixed-chain prototype that couples: (i) a feed-forward compressor with branched peak/RMS detection controlled by a single Bias macro; (ii) a broad-stroke EQ (fixed bands) augmented with subtle difference-signal saturation; (iii) a stereo widener that boosts high-band side energy and adds a constrained ambience path; and (iv) a hybrid maximizer that gates ADAA-based clipping to transient overshoots ahead of look-ahead limiting. Antialiasing combines whole-chain oversampling with local ADAA in the clipper. Evaluation used a five-minute rough-mix task in Logic Pro (three stems; processing restricted to the plugin) with eleven non-technical participants, followed by NASA–TLX, SUS, and post-test interviews. SUS averaged 80.2 (“excellent”), with scores spanning 65–92.5; NASA–TLX showed workload dominated by temporal demand (weighted $\approx$ 54.8), with mental demand, effort, performance, and frustration at moderate levels. Qualitative feedback judged the compressor and width control especially intuitive; the EQ’s sound was praised but some users found its GUI placement secondary; the widener needed a slightly tighter upper range; the maximizer was valued conceptually but could produce pumping under heavy reduction. The contribution lies in two areas: (1) an architectural framework that adapts and integrates established DSP algorithms specifically for the mix-bus context, and (2) empirical evidence that simplified, macro-level controls can still support musically meaningful decision-making by non-experts under time constraints. Limitations include the small participant sample and the prototype’s basic metering and visual feedback. The results suggest that DSP choices, simplified controls, and evaluation methods should be shaped by the specific demands of the mix-bus task, rather than treated as separate algorithmic problems.

Keywords

Documents


Colophon: This page is part of the AAU Student Projects portal, which is run by Aalborg University. Here, you can find and download publicly available bachelor's theses and master's projects from across the university dating from 2008 onwards. Student projects from before 2008 are available in printed form at Aalborg University Library.

If you have any questions about AAU Student Projects or the research registration, dissemination and analysis at Aalborg University, please feel free to contact the VBN team. You can also find more information in the AAU Student Projects FAQs.