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A master thesis from Aalborg University

Extracellular DNA i renkulturer

[Extracelular DNA in pure cultures]

Author(s)

Term

10. term

Education

Publication year

2009

Submitted on

2009-12-07

Pages

68 pages

Abstract

DNA has previously been assumed as being an exclusively intracellular information storage material, but the discovery of extracellular DNA has changed this. Extracellular DNA is found to accomplish many functions like stabilizing the structure of a biofilm, provide protection against foreign DNA and function as nourishment for bacteria during periods of starvation etc. The production of eDNA has so far mostly been investigated in biofilms, however in this project the main focus was on eDNA in pure cultures of Thermotoga neapolitana, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Tsukamurella spumae and Bacillus mycoides and in complex environmental samples obtained from rocks inside two different streams. The experiments performed during the making of this Master’s thesis were organized into three parts where the first one consisted of experiments on the thermophile bacteria T. neapolitana. The second part included experiments on pure cultures and biofilms of P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, T. spumae and B. mycoides. The third part concerned experiments on the complex environmental samples from streams mentioned above. The presence and development of eDNA in the investigated samples was confirmed by imaging and genetic approaches and it was found that the production of eDNA in pure cultures were varying and depended on the growth phase of the culture and probably also was influenced by different stress factors. The found eDNA was compared to genomic DNA extracted from the same cultures, using fragmentation with the restriction enzymes HaeIII and MspI. The results from these experiments were inconclusive since unfortunately no genomic DNA was detectable from the bacteria, making a comparison impossible. Another method of comparing eDNA and genomic DNA was tested using DNase I and ethidium momoazide bromide (EMA) to degrade and block the eDNA respectively so the genomic DNA that was released after cell lysis would be the only available genetic material. This method showed promising results, although it was not possible to amplify genomic DNA after cell lysis in all cases. The eDNA and genomic DNA was also compared for the presence of the three different housekeeping genes encoding 16S rRNA, gyrB and rpoB and not all primers gave the expected bands for four investigated bacteria types. However the general observation was that the eDNA bands were clearer than the bands originating from genomic DNA. Since the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products from eDNA contained the same genetic information as that obtained from genomic DNA, this indicates that eDNA is most likely was a copy of the genomic DNA.

DNA har tidligere været betragtet som et udelukkende intracellulært materiale til lagring af genetisk information, men siden opdagelsen af ekstracellulært DNA har man været nødt til at revidere denne opfattelse. Ekstracellulært DNA har mange andre funktioner end lagring af genetisk information, eksempelvis i stabilisering af biofilm struktur, beskyttelse af bakterien mod fremmed DNA og som næringsstof for bakterierne i sulteperioder osv. Hidtil har produktionen af eDNA primært været undersøgt i biofilm, men i dette projekt fokuseres der i højere grad på eDNA fra renkulturer af Thermotoga neapolitana, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Tsukamurella spumae og Bacillus mycoides samt fra komplekse prøver fra sten i to forskellige åer. Forsøgene der er blevet udført i forbindelse med dette specialeprojekt er opdelt i tre dele hvoraf den første består af eksperimenter på den termofile bakterie T. neapolitana. Den anden del indeholder eksperimenter på renkulturer og biofilm af P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, T. spumae og B. mycoides. Den tredje del omhandler eksperimenter på de komplekse prøver fra åer som nævnt overfor. Udviklingen og tilstedeværelsen af eDNA i de undersøgte prøver blev bekræftet ved hjælp af en visuel samt en genetisk fremgangsmåde. Det blev fundet at produktionen af eDNA i renkulturer var varierende og afhængig af kulturens vækstfase og sandsynligvis også forskellige stressfaktorer. Det fundne eDNA blev sammenlignet med genomisk DNA ekstraheret fra de samme kulturer ud fra fraktionsmønstre ved brug af restriktionsenzymerne HaeIII og MspI. Resultaterne fra disse forsøg var ikke fyldestgørende idet det genomiske DNA fra bakterierne desværre ikke var muligt at detektere hvilket gjorde en sammenligning umulig. En anden metode til at sammenligne eDNA og genomisk DNA blev prøvet, hvor Dnase I og ethidium momoazidbromid (EMA) blev brugt til henholdsvis at nedbryde og blokere eDNA således, at det genomiske DNA, som blev frigjort når cellerne blev lyseret, var den eneste tilgængelige DNA-type. Denne metode gav lovende resultater, selvom det ikke var muligt at amplificere genomisk DNA i alle tilfælde. Det genomiske DNA blev også sammenlignet med eDNA ud fra tilstedeværelsen af tre forskellige ”housekeeping” gener (16S rRNA, gyrB and rpoB) og ikke alle primerne gav det forventede bånd for de fire undersøgte bakterietyper. Generelt blev det dog observeret at bånd på agarose geler fra eDNA var klarere end bånd fra det genomiske DNA. Da polymerase kædereaktion (PCR) produkterne fra eDNA indeholdte samme genetiske information som det, der blev fundet for genomisk DNA, er det sandsynligt at eDNA er en kopi af det genomiske DNA.

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