Emir Abdur Rahman Khans udryddelse af Hazarafolket i perioden 1890-1893

Amir Abdur Rahman Khan's extermination campaign against the Hazara people during 1890-1893

Zirak, Arzoo

4. semester

Historie, Kandidat

2019

2019-06-03

53

Dette speciale undersøger, hvordan emiren af Afghanistan, Abdur Rahman Khan (1880–1901), legitimerede sin udryddelseskampagne mod hazaraerne i perioden 1890–1893, samt hvordan hazaraerne reagerede. I et multietnisk Afghanistan med britisk støtte og et sunnimuslimsk flertal indrammede emiren konflikten religiøst, blandt andet via en fatwa, og søgte at affolke Hazarajat for at bosætte pashtunske stammer. Specialet bygger på en kvalitativ analyse af korrespondance mellem emiren, hans generaler og hazaraledere samt relevant forskningslitteratur. Teoretisk anvendes Teun van Dijks begreb om legitimering, Alexander Kitroeffs definition af udryddelseskampagner og Jacques Semelins ramme for massakrer/folkemord til at fastlægge udryddelsestypen. Analysen viser, at emiren fremprovokerede oprør ved at indsætte en hær i Hazarajat, hvor overgreb og plyndringer fandt sted trods hazaraernes indledende lydighed, og at to oprør fulgte 1891–1893. Efter den planlagte affolkning blev områder som Uruzgan og Day Chopan tildelt pashtunske Durrani- og Ghilzai-stammer. Kampagnen medførte massakrer, tvangsforflyttelser, slaveri og emigration; dødstal kendes ikke. På baggrund af Semelins mere krævende kriterier konkluderes det, at emirenes handlinger kan defineres som folkemord.

This thesis examines how the Amir of Afghanistan, Abdur Rahman Khan (1880–1901), legitimized his extermination campaign against the Hazaras during 1890–1893, and how the Hazaras responded. In a multiethnic Afghanistan backed by British support and a Sunni Muslim majority, the Amir framed the conflict in religious terms, including through a fatwa, and sought to depopulate Hazarajat to resettle Pashtun tribes. The study is based on qualitative analysis of correspondence between the Amir, his generals, and Hazara leaders, together with relevant historiography. It applies Teun van Dijk’s concept of legitimation, Alexander Kitroeff’s definition of extermination campaigns, and Jacques Semelin’s framework on massacres/genocide to identify the type of extermination. The analysis finds that the Amir provoked rebellion by deploying an army in Hazarajat, where abuses and plunder occurred despite initial Hazara compliance, leading to two uprisings in 1891–1893. After planned depopulation, areas such as Uruzgan and Day Chopan were allocated to Pashtun Durrani and Ghilzai tribes. The campaign entailed massacres, forced removals, slavery, and emigration; the death toll is unknown. Based on Semelin’s more demanding criteria, the thesis concludes that the Amir’s actions can be defined as genocide.

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udryddelseskampagne

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