Danmarks Radio: En undersøgelse af dansk public service fjernsyn 1980-1996
Oversat titel
Danish Broadcasting Corporation and TV 2: An Examination og Danish Public Service television between 1980 - 1996
Forfatter
Hansen, Pernille Dencker
Semester
4. semester
Uddannelse
Udgivelsesår
2007
Abstract
Fra 1951 havde Danmarks Radio (DR) monopol på tv-udsendelser som en public service-station, juridisk knyttet til staten med særskilt finansiering og forpligtelser. I 1988 brød TV 2 monopolet. TV 2 fik også public service-status, hvilket skabte konkurrence om seerne mellem to offentligt ejede kanaler. Afhandlingen undersøger to ting: hvad public service-begrebet rummer, og hvordan det ændrede sig fra 1980 til 1994, samt hvordan DR og TV 2 udviklede sig i samme periode. Dette belyses gennem en casestudie, der sammenligner valgudsendelserne i 1987 med dem i 1994. Public service startede som et teknisk-økonomisk begreb: udsendelser skulle være tilgængelige for alle til en fast pris og have tilstrækkelig kvalitet til gavn for samfundet. Med oprettelsen af Kulturministeriet i 1961 fik DR en rolle i opbygningen af velfærdsstaten; programfladen skulle styrke kultur og almendannelse, og publikum blev opfattet som en homogen masse, hvor en elitær minoritet satte standarden for indhold. Fra slutningen af 1970’erne og ind i 1980’erne voksede utilfredsheden med DR’s programpolitik. Velfærdsstaten var blevet en del af samfundets grundlag, og public service-ideen ændrede sig: mediet skulle også tjene den enkelte borgers interesser, og publikum blev set som mangfoldigt. Selve programmerne kom mere i fokus. TV 2 blev hurtigt den mest populære kanal, men var ikke nødvendigvis mere fleksibel; den blev født ind i konkurrence, mens DR skulle omstille sig og samtidig varetage sin samfundsrolle. DR var tættere forbundet med politiske beslutningstagere end TV 2, og der var en udbredt opfattelse af, at DR skulle være mere “public service” end TV 2, blandt andet på grund af DR’s lange historie og TV 2’s delvise kommercielle finansiering og afhængighed af seertal. Forskning efter 1980’erne foreslog at betragte hele mediesystemets programudbud—både public service-kanaler og kommercielle—som public service, men hverken medier eller politikere tog idéen til sig. TV 2 valgte en anden stil i nyhedsudsendelser, og konkurrencen førte til ændringer hos DR. Det er uklart, om disse ændringer var uundgåelige, men konkurrencen synliggjorde behovet. Politisk var målet, at TV 2 skulle styrke den politiske debat. I 1994 sendte DR mere om valget end i 1987, og med TV 2 steg den samlede mængde debat. Om mere debat også er bedre debat, er åbent. De to kanalers tilgang til valgudsendelser var overordnet ens, med enkelte strukturelle forskelle.
From 1951, the Danish Broadcasting Corporation (DR) held a monopoly on television as a public service broadcaster, legally tied to the state with specific funding and obligations. In 1988, TV 2 went on air, ending the monopoly. TV 2 also received public service status, creating competition for viewers between two publicly owned channels. This thesis examines two questions: what the concept of public service means and how it changed from 1980 to 1994, and how DR and TV 2 developed during the same period. A case study compares election programming in 1987 with 1994. Public service began as a technical-financial concept: broadcasts should be universally accessible at a fixed price and of sufficient quality to benefit society. With the establishment of the Ministry of Culture in 1961, DR was given a role in building the welfare state; programming was meant to enhance cultural knowledge and general education, and the audience was treated as a homogeneous whole, with an elite minority setting content standards. From the late 1970s through the 1980s, dissatisfaction with DR’s programming policies grew. The welfare state had become embedded, and the public service idea shifted: media should also serve individual interests, and audiences were seen as diverse. The content itself came into focus. TV 2 quickly became the most popular channel but was not necessarily more flexible; it started in a competitive environment, while DR had to adapt and maintain its societal role. DR was more closely linked to political authorities than TV 2, and there was a widespread sense that DR should be “more public service” than TV 2, partly due to DR’s long history and TV 2’s partial commercial funding and reliance on ratings. Research after the 1980s proposed viewing the entire media system’s programming—both public service and commercial—as public service, but neither broadcasters nor politicians embraced this approach. TV 2 adopted a different news style, and competition led to changes at DR. It is unclear whether these changes would have happened anyway, but competition highlighted the need. Politically, TV 2 was expected to strengthen political debate. By 1994, DR aired more election content than in 1987, and together with TV 2, the overall amount of debate increased. Whether more debate was also better debate remains open. The two channels’ approaches to election coverage were broadly similar, with some structural differences.
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