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A master's thesis from Aalborg University
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Aiding Gaza: NGO workers' discourses on the 2023 humanitarian crisis

Translated title

Aiding Gaza: NGO Workers' Discourses on the 2023 Humanitarian Crisis

Authors

;

Term

4. semester

Publication year

2024

Submitted on

Pages

115

Abstract

This thesis examines how staff in humanitarian non-governmental organizations (NGOs) based in Denmark and in countries neighboring Palestine talk about and justify their work during the ongoing crisis in Gaza. We focus on the period after the October 7, 2023 attack on Israel and Israel’s subsequent military response, which intensified an already severe humanitarian situation in Gaza. Since Hamas took control in 2007, Gaza has relied heavily on aid due to the blockade, a situation further strained by restrictions reimposed in 2023. The study draws on interviews with seven NGO workers involved in emergency aid for Gaza. We use Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA)—a method that examines how language both reflects and shapes social and political realities—to explore how their language is influenced by political interference in humanitarian aid. Our theoretical lens contrasts “classical humanitarianism” (neutral, independent, needs-based relief) with “new humanitarianism” (which also emphasizes rights, advocacy, and political engagement), drawing on the work of Dorothea Hilhorst and Michael Barnett. Interviewees highlight three main challenges: stricter due diligence requirements from the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs (more checks and documentation), serious obstacles to delivering aid and accessing Gaza, and heightened scrutiny of Palestinian partners, beneficiaries, and NGOs’ public statements and advocacy. Although they are professionally expected to communicate in a neutral, principles-based way, NGO workers in this context adopt more political language to contest interference that affects their work. Their language is informed by the testimonies of Palestinian colleagues and by comparisons with other responses, such as the recent one in Ukraine, using terms like “double standards” and “dehumanization.” In contrast with discourses centered on securitization—framing the crisis primarily as a security issue—associated with Israel’s military actions and Denmark’s political stance, the interviewees argue for holding political actors accountable for their role in the Gaza crisis. They also call for decolonization within humanitarian NGOs, giving greater space to Palestinian voices and addressing unequal power dynamics to drive systemic change in the response to Gaza.

Dette speciale undersøger, hvordan ansatte i humanitære NGO’er med base i Danmark og i lande, der grænser op til Palæstina, taler om og begrunder deres arbejde under den igangværende krise i Gaza. Vi fokuserer på perioden efter angrebet mod Israel den 7. oktober 2023 og Israels efterfølgende militære reaktion, som forstærkede en i forvejen alvorlig humanitær situation i Gaza. Siden Hamas’ overtagelse i 2007 har Gaza været stærkt afhængig af bistand på grund af blokaden, en situation der blev yderligere presset af genindførte restriktioner i 2023. Studiet bygger på interviews med syv NGO-ansatte, der arbejder med nødhjælp til Gaza. Vi anvender Faircloughs kritiske diskursanalyse (CDA) – en metode, der undersøger, hvordan sprog både afspejler og former sociale og politiske forhold – for at forstå, hvordan deres sprog påvirkes af politisk indblanding i humanitær bistand. Vores teoretiske udgangspunkt sætter “klassisk humanitarisme” (neutral, uafhængig og behovsbaseret hjælp) over for “ny humanitarisme” (der også vægter rettigheder, fortalervirksomhed og politisk engagement) med inspiration fra Dorothea Hilhorst og Michael Barnett. Interviewpersonerne peger på tre hovedudfordringer: skærpede due diligence-krav fra Udenrigsministeriet (flere kontroller og mere dokumentation), store hindringer for at levere hjælp og få adgang til Gaza samt skærpet granskning af palæstinensiske partnere, modtagere og NGO’ers offentlige udtalelser og advocacy. Selvom de professionelt forventes at kommunikere i et neutralt, principbaseret sprog, tager NGO-ansatte i denne kontekst i højere grad politisk prægede ord i brug for at udfordre indblanding, der påvirker deres arbejde. Deres sprogbrug formes af palæstinensiske kollegers vidnesbyrd og af sammenligninger med andre humanitære indsatser, såsom den nylige i Ukraine, med termer som “dobbeltstandarder” og “dehumanisering”. I modsætning til diskurser om sikkerhedsliggørelse – hvor krisen primært beskrives som et sikkerhedsanliggende – der forbindes med Israels militære handlinger og Danmarks politiske linje, fremhæver interviewpersonerne nødvendigheden af at holde politiske aktører ansvarlige for deres rolle i Gazakrisen. De efterlyser også afkolonisering i humanitære NGO’er, hvor palæstinensiske stemmer styrkes, og ulige magtforhold adresseres for at skabe systemiske ændringer i responsen på Gaza.

[This apstract has been rewritten with the help of AI based on the project's original abstract]